Intervertebral disc regeneration field is rapidly growing since disc disorders represent a major health problem in industrialized countries with very few possible treatments. Indeed, current available therapies are symptomatic, and surgical procedures consist in disc removal and spinal fusion, which is not immune to regardable concerns about possible comorbidities, cost-effectiveness, secondary risks and long-lasting outcomes. This review paper aims to share recent advances in stem cell therapy for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. In literature the potential use of different adult stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration has already been reported. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, adipose tissue derived stem cells, synovial stem cells, muscle-derived stem cells, olfactory neural stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, disc stem cells, and embryonic stem cells have been studied for this purpose either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, several engineered carriers (e.g., hydrogels), characterized by full biocompatibility and prompt biodegradation, have been designed and combined with different stem cell types in order to optimize the local and controlled delivery of cellular substrates in situ. The paper overviews the literature discussing the current status of our knowledge of the different stem cells types used as a cell-based therapy for disc regeneration.

中文翻译：

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干细胞来源用于椎间盘再生。

椎间盘再生领域正在迅速发展，因为在工业化国家，椎间盘疾病是一种主要的健康问题，几乎没有可能的治疗方法。的确，当前可用的疗法是对症治疗，而外科手术包括椎间盘摘除和脊柱融合术，这不能免除对可能的合并症，成本效益，次要风险和长期结果的担忧。本文旨在分享干细胞治疗椎间盘退变的最新进展。在文献中，已经报道了将不同的成体干细胞用于椎间盘再生的潜在用途。骨髓间充质基质/干细胞，脂肪组织来源的干细胞，滑膜干细胞，肌肉来源的干细胞，嗅觉神经干细胞，为此目的，已经在体外或体内研究了诱导的多能干细胞，造血干细胞，椎间盘干细胞和胚胎干细胞。此外，已经设计了以完全生物相容性和迅速生物降解为特征的几种工程载体（例如水凝胶），并将其与不同的干细胞类型组合在一起，以优化就地和受控地递送细胞底物。本文概述了讨论我们关于不同干细胞类型的知识的现状的文献，这些干细胞类型被用作基于细胞的椎间盘再生疗法。已设计出具有完全生物相容性和迅速生物降解特征的生物，并与不同的干细胞类型结合使用，以优化细胞基质在位的局部和可控递送。本文概述了讨论我们关于不同干细胞类型的知识的现状的文献，这些干细胞类型被用作基于细胞的椎间盘再生疗法。已设计出具有完全生物相容性和迅速生物降解特征的生物，并与不同的干细胞类型结合使用，以优化细胞基质在位的局部和可控递送。本文概述了讨论我们关于不同干细胞类型的知识的现状的文献，这些干细胞类型被用作基于细胞的椎间盘再生疗法。