Bacteriophages (phages) specifically infect bacteria and are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. The constant exposure to phage infection imposes a strong selective pressure on bacteria to develop viral resistance strategies that promote prokaryotic survival. Thus, this parasite-host relationship results in an evolutionary arms race of adaptation and counteradaptation between the interacting partners. The evolutionary outcome is a spectrum of remarkable strategies used by the bacteria and phages as they attempt to coexist. These approaches include adsorption inhibition, injection blocking, abortive infection, toxin-antitoxin, and CRISPR-Cas systems. In this review, we highlight the diverse and complementary antiphage systems in bacteria, as well as the evasion mechanisms used by phages to escape these resistance strategies.

中文翻译：

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微生物抵抗噬菌体感染的显着机制。

噬菌体（噬菌体）专门感染细菌，是地球上最丰富的生物实体。不断暴露于噬菌体感染对细菌施加了强大的选择压力，以发展促进原核生物存活的病毒抗性策略。因此，这种寄生虫 - 宿主关系导致相互作用伙伴之间适应和反适应的进化军备竞赛。进化的结果是细菌和噬菌体试图共存时使用的一系列显着策略。这些方法包括吸附抑制、注射阻断、流产感染、毒素-抗毒素和 CRISPR-Cas 系统。在这篇综述中，我们强调了细菌中多样化和互补的抗噬菌体系统，以及噬菌体用来逃避这些抗性策略的逃避机制。