Evolution is a process that occurs at many different levels, from genes to ecosystems. Genetic variations and ecological pressures are hence two sides of the same coin; but due both to fragmentary evidence and to the influence of a gene-centered and gradualistic approach to evolutionary phenomena, the field of paleoanthropology has been slow to take the role of macro-evolutionary patterns (i.e. ecological and biogeographical at large scale) seriously. However, several very recent findings in paleoanthropology stress both climate instability and ecological disturbance as key factors affecting the highly branching hominin phylogeny, from the earliest hominins to the appearance of cognitively modern humans. Allopatric speciation due to geographic displacement, turnover-pulses of species, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution of traits in several coeval species, bursts of behavioral innovation, serial dispersals out of Africa, are just some of the macro-evolutionary patterns emerging from the field. The multilevel approach to evolution proposed by paleontologist Niles Eldredge is adopted here as interpretative tool, and has yielded a larger picture of human evolution that integrates different levels of evolutionary change, from local adaptations in limited ecological niches to dispersal phenotypes able to colonize an unprecedented range of ecosystems. Changes in global climate and Earth's surface most greatly affected human evolution. Precisely because it is cognitively hard for us to appreciate the long-term common destiny we share with the whole biosphere, it is particularly valuable to highlight the accumulating evidence that human evolution has been deeply affected by global ecological changes that transformed our African continent of origin.

中文翻译：

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多层次人类进化：人源素系统发育的生态模式。

进化是一个发生在从基因到生态系统的许多不同层次上的过程。因此，遗传变异和生态压力是同一枚硬币的两个方面。但是由于零碎的证据以及以基因为中心的循序渐进的方法对进化现象的影响，古人类学领域一直在缓慢地认真对待宏观进化模式（即大规模的生态学和生物地理学）的作用。然而，从人类最早到人类的认知，古人类学最近的一些发现都强调气候不稳定性和生态扰动是影响高度分支人类蛋白系统发育的关键因素。由于地理位移，物种周转脉冲，适应性辐射，几个中世纪物种的性状的镶嵌进化，行为创新的爆发，从非洲的连续扩散，只是该领域出现的一些宏观进化模式。这里采用了古生物学家尼尔斯·埃尔德雷奇（Niles Eldredge）提出的多级进化方法作为解释性工具，并产生了人类进化的大图景，其中融合了不同程度的进化变化，从有限的生态位中的局部适应性到能够定殖到空前范围的分散表型。生态系统。全球气候和地球表面的变化对人类进化的影响最大。正是由于我们在认知上难以欣赏我们与整个生物圈共有的长期共同命运，