Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immune response by producing inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons (IFN), and other inflammatory mediators. TLR activation affects vascular function and remodeling, and these molecular events prime antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite the presence of TLRs in vascular cells, the exact mechanisms whereby TLR signaling affects the function of vascular tissues are largely unknown. Cardiovascular diseases are considered chronic inflammatory conditions, and accumulating data show that TLRs and the innate immune system play a determinant role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence unfolds a possibility that targeting TLRs and the innate immune system may be a novel therapeutic goal for these conditions. TLR inhibitors and agonists are already in clinical trials for inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, but their study in the context of cardiovascular diseases is in its infancy. In this article, we review the current knowledge of TLR signaling in the cardiovascular system with an emphasis on atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, we address the therapeutic potential of TLR as pharmacological targets in cardiovascular disease and consider intriguing research questions for future study.

中文翻译：

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血管系统中的Toll状受体：感知内部的危险。

Toll样受体（TLR）是先天免疫系统的组成部分，可对宿主组织损伤/死亡过程中释放的外源感染性配体（病原相关分子模式，PAMP）和内源性分子（损伤相关分子模式，DAMP）作出反应。 。TLR与其配体的相互作用导致下游信号传导途径的激活，该下游信号传导途径通过产生炎性细胞因子，I型干扰素（IFN）和其他炎性介质来诱导免疫反应。TLR激活会影响血管功能和重塑，而这些分子事件会引发抗原特异性适应性免疫反应。尽管在血管细胞中存在TLR，但很大程度上未知TLR信号传导影响血管组织功能的确切机制。心血管疾病被认为是慢性炎性疾病，越来越多的数据表明，TLR和先天免疫系统在心血管疾病的发生和发展中起决定性作用。该证据揭示了靶向TLR和先天免疫系统可能是这些疾病的新治疗目标的可能性。TLR抑制剂和激动剂已经在炎症条件下（例如哮喘，癌症和自身免疫性疾病）进行临床试验，但是在心血管疾病方面的研究仍处于起步阶段。在本文中，我们回顾了心血管系统中TLR信号传导的当前知识，重点是动脉粥样硬化，高血压和脑血管损伤。此外，