Phagocytes are key cellular participants determining important aspects of host exposure to nanomaterials, initiating clearance, biodistribution and the tenuous balance between host tolerance and adverse nanotoxicity. Macrophages in particular are believed to be among the first and primary cell types that process nanoparticles, mediating host inflammatory and immunological biological responses. These processes occur ubiquitously throughout tissues where nanomaterials are present, including the host mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) residents in dedicated host filtration organs (i.e., liver, kidney spleen, and lung). Thus, to understand nanomaterials exposure risks it is critical to understand how nanomaterials are recognized, internalized, trafficked and distributed within diverse types of host macrophages and how possible cell-based reactions resulting from nanomaterial exposures further inflammatory host responses in vivo. This review focuses on describing macrophage-based initiation of downstream hallmark immunological and inflammatory processes resulting from phagocyte exposure to and internalization of nanomaterials.

中文翻译：

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纳米颗粒摄取：吞噬细胞问题

吞噬细胞是决定宿主暴露于纳米材料的重要方面、启动清除、生物分布以及宿主耐受性和不利纳米毒性之间的微弱平衡的关键细胞参与者。特别是巨噬细胞被认为是处理纳米颗粒、介导宿主炎症和免疫生物学反应的第一批和主要细胞类型之一。这些过程普遍存在于存在纳米材料的组织中，包括位于专用宿主过滤器官（即肝、肾、脾和肺）中的宿主单核吞噬系统 (MPS)。因此，要了解纳米材料暴露风险，了解纳米材料如何被识别、内化、在不同类型的宿主巨噬细胞中运输和分布，以及纳米材料暴露导致的基于细胞的反应如何进一步促进体内炎症宿主反应。这篇综述重点描述了基于巨噬细胞的下游标志性免疫和炎症过程的启动，这些过程是由吞噬细胞暴露于纳米材料和内化纳米材料引起的。