The key aims of this article are to relate the construct of cognitive style to current theories in cognitive psychology and neuroscience and to outline a framework that integrates the findings on individual differences in cognition across different disciplines. First, we characterize cognitive style as patterns of adaptation to the external world that develop on the basis of innate predispositions, the interactions among which are shaped by changing environmental demands. Second, we show that research on cognitive style in psychology and cross-cultural neuroscience, on learning styles in education, and on decision-making styles in business and management all address the same phenomena. Third, we review cognitive-psychology and neuroscience research that supports the validity of the concept of cognitive style. Fourth, we show that various styles from disparate disciplines can be organized into a single taxonomy. This taxonomy allows us to integrate all the well-documented cognitive, learning, and decision-making styles; all of these style types correspond to adaptive systems that draw on different levels of information processing. Finally, we discuss how the proposed approach might promote greater coherence in research and application in education, in business and management, and in other disciplines.

中文翻译：

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作为对环境敏感的个体差异的认知方式：现代综合方法及其在教育，商业和管理中的应用。

本文的主要目的是将认知风格的构建与认知心理学和神经科学的最新理论联系起来，并概述一个框架，该框架整合了不同学科在认知方面的个体差异的发现。首先，我们将认知风格描述为对自然环境的适应模式，这种模式是在先天性倾向的基础上发展而来的，其相互作用是由不断变化的环境需求所决定的。其次，我们表明，关于心理学和跨文化神经科学的认知方式，关于教育的学习方式以及关于业务和管理中的决策方式的研究都针对相同的现象。第三，我们回顾了支持认知风格概念有效性的认知心理学和神经科学研究。第四，我们表明，来自不同学科的各种样式可以组织为一个分类法。这种分类法使我们能够整合所有有据可查的认知，学习和决策风格；所有这些样式类型都与采用不同级别信息处理的自适应系统相对应。最后，我们讨论了所提出的方法如何在教育，商业和管理以及其他学科的研究和应用中促进更大的连贯性。