Thyroid hormone (TH) exerts important actions on cellular energy metabolism, accelerating O2consumption with consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and redox signalling affording cell protection, a response that is contributed by redox-independent mechanisms. These processes underlie genomic and non-genomic pathways, which are integrated and exhibit hierarchical organisation. ROS production led to the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, activating protein 1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, promoting cell protection and survival by TH. These features involve enhancement in the homeostatic potential including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiinflammatory and cell proliferation responses, besides higher detoxification capabilities and energy supply through AMP-activated protein kinase upregulation. The above aspects constitute the molecular basis for TH-induced preconditioning of the liver that exerts protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, a strategy also observed in extrahepatic organs of experimental animals and with other types of injury, which awaits application in the clinical setting. Noteworthy, re-adjusting TH to normal levels results in several beneficial effects; for example, it lengthens the cold storage time of organs for transplantation from brain-dead donors; allows a superior neurological outcome in infants of <28 weeks of gestation; reduces the cognitive side-effects of lithium and improves electroconvulsive therapy in patients with bipolar disorders.

中文翻译：

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甲状腺激素在细胞保护、存活和功能恢复的前沿

甲状腺激素 (TH) 对细胞能量代谢发挥重要作用，加速 O2消耗随之而来的活性氧（ROS）产生和氧化还原信号提供细胞保护，这是由氧化还原非依赖性机制促成的反应。这些过程是基因组和非基因组途径的基础，它们是整合的并表现出层次结构。ROS 的产生导致氧化还原敏感转录因子核因子-κB、信号转导和转录激活因子 3 的激活，激活蛋白 1 和核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2，通过 TH 促进细胞保护和存活。这些特征包括增强稳态潜力，包括抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗炎和细胞增殖反应，此外还有更高的解毒能力和通过 AMP 激活的蛋白激酶上调提供的能量。上述方面构成了 TH 诱导的肝脏预处理对缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用的分子基础，该策略也在实验动物的肝外器官和其他类型的损伤中观察到，有待临床应用。值得注意的是，将 TH 重新调整到正常水平会产生多种有益效果；例如，延长脑死亡供体移植器官的冷藏时间；允许小于 28 周妊娠的婴儿获得更好的神经系统结果；减少锂的认知副作用并改善双相情感障碍患者的电休克治疗。在实验动物的肝外器官和其他类型的损伤中也观察到了一种策略，该策略有待在临床环境中应用。值得注意的是，将 TH 重新调整到正常水平会产生多种有益效果；例如，延长脑死亡供体移植器官的冷藏时间；允许小于 28 周妊娠的婴儿获得更好的神经系统结果；减少锂的认知副作用并改善双相情感障碍患者的电休克治疗。在实验动物的肝外器官和其他类型的损伤中也观察到了一种策略，该策略有待在临床环境中应用。值得注意的是，将 TH 重新调整到正常水平会产生多种有益效果；例如，延长脑死亡供体移植器官的冷藏时间；允许小于 28 周妊娠的婴儿获得更好的神经系统结果；减少锂的认知副作用并改善双相情感障碍患者的电休克治疗。允许小于 28 周妊娠的婴儿获得更好的神经系统结果；减少锂的认知副作用并改善双相情感障碍患者的电休克治疗。允许小于 28 周妊娠的婴儿获得更好的神经系统结果；减少锂的认知副作用并改善双相情感障碍患者的电休克治疗。