Abstract
Owing to the widespread use and improper emissions of carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs), the adverse effects of CBNPs on human health have attracted much attention. In toxicological research, carbon black is frequently utilized as a negative control because of its low toxicity and poor solubility. However, recent studies have indicated that inhalation exposure to CBNPs could be a risk factor for severe and prolonged pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. At present, the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis induced by CBNPs is still not fully elucidated, but it is known that with small particle size and large surface area, CBNPs are more easily ingested by cells, leading to organelle damage and abnormal interactions between organelles. Damaged organelle and abnormal organelles interactions lead to cell structure and function disorders, which is one of the important factors in the development and occurrence of various diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of organelle structure, function, and interaction mechanisms, while also summarizing the research advancements in organelles and organelle interactions in CBNPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Annunziata I, Sano R, d’Azzo A (2018) Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) and lysosomal storage diseases. Cell Death Dis 9(3):328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0025-4
Baek AR, Hong J, Song KS et al (2020) Spermidine attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by inducing autophagy and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced cell death in mice. Exp Mol Med 52(12):2034–2045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00545-z
Barazzuol L, Giamogante F, Brini M, Calì T (2020) PINK1/parkin mediated mitophagy, Ca2+ signalling, and ER-mitochondria contacts in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051772
Basso V, Marchesan E, Peggion C et al (2018) Regulation of ER-mitochondria contacts by Parkin via Mfn2. Pharmacol Res 138:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.006
Bassot A, Chen J, Takahashi-Yamashiro K et al (2023) The endoplasmic reticulum kinase PERK interacts with the oxidoreductase ERO1 to metabolically adapt mitochondria. Cell Rep 42(1):111899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111899
Belade E, Armand L, Martinon L et al (2012) A comparative transmission electron microscopy study of titanium dioxide and carbon black nanoparticles uptake in human lung epithelial and fibroblast cell lines. Toxicol in Vitro 26(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.10.010
Bendtsen KM, Brostrøm A, Koivisto AJ et al (2019) Airport emission particles: exposure characterization and toxicity following intratracheal instillation in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 16(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-019-0305-5
Bhatia D, Capili A, Nakahira K et al (2022) Conditional deletion of myeloid-specific mitofusin 2 but not mitofusin 1 promotes kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 101:963–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.01.030
Bock FJ, Tait SWG (2020) Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 21(2):85–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8
Borkowska M, Siek M, Kolygina DV et al (2020) Targeted crystallization of mixed-charge nanoparticles in lysosomes induces selective death of cancer cells. Nat Nanotechnol 15(4):331–341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0643-3
Bourdon JA, Williams A, Kuo B et al (2013) Gene expression profiling to identify potentially relevant disease outcomes and support human health risk assessment for carbon black nanoparticle exposure. Toxicology 303:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.014
Bravo-Sagua R, Parra V, Ortiz-Sandoval C et al (2019) Caveolin-1 impairs PKA-DRP1-mediated remodelling of ER-mitochondria communication during the early phase of ER stress. Cell Death Differ 26(7):1195–1212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-018-0197-1
Brown DM, Dickson C, Duncan P et al (2010) Interaction between nanoparticles and cytokine proteins: impact on protein and particle functionality. Nanotechnology 21(21):215104. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/21/215104
Bueno M, Calyeca J, Rojas M, Mora AL (2020) Mitochondria dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming as drivers of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Redox Biol 33:101509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101509
Burman A, Tanjore H, Blackwell TS (2018) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 68–69:355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.015
Cai S, Wu Y, Guillén-Samander A et al (2022) In situ architecture of the lipid transport protein VPS13C at ER-lysosome membrane contacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 119(29):e2203769119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2203769119
Celik C, Lee SYT, Yap WS, Thibault G (2023) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipids in health and diseases. Prog Lipid Res 89:101198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101198
Chai P, Cheng Y, Hou C et al (2021) USP19 promotes hypoxia-induced mitochondrial division via FUNDC1 at ER-mitochondria contact sites. J Cell Biol 220(7):e202010006. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202010006
Chang CY, You R, Armstrong D et al (2022) Chronic exposure to carbon black ultrafine particles reprograms macrophage metabolism and accelerates lung cancer. Sci Adv 8(46):eabq0615. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq0615
Chaudhry Q (2016) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety (SCCS)—second revision of the opinion on carbon black, nano-form, in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol: RTP 79:103–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.021
Chaudhuri I, Fruijtier-Pölloth C, Ngiewih Y, Levy L (2018) Evaluating the evidence on genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of carbon black: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 48:143–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2017.1391746
Cheng W, Zhang W, Xia X et al (2023) The domino effect in inhaled carbon black nanoparticles triggers bloodbrain barrier disruption via altering circulatory inflammation. Nano Today 48:101721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101721
Chernyakov I, Santiago-Tirado F, Bretscher A (2013) Active segregation of yeast mitochondria by Myo2 is essential and mediated by Mmr1 and Ypt11. Curr Biol CB 23(18):1818–1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.053
Chu Q, Martinez TF, Novak SW et al (2019) Regulation of the ER stress response by a mitochondrial microprotein. Nat Commun 10(1):4883. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12816-z
Chu S, Li X, Sun N et al (2021) The combination of ultrafine carbon black and lead provokes cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mice lung fibroblasts through oxidative stress-activated mitochondrial pathways. Sci Total Environ 799:149420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149420
Chung KP, Hsu CL, Fan LC et al (2019) Mitofusins regulate lipid metabolism to mediate the development of lung fibrosis. Nat Commun 10(1):3390. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11327-1
Cisneros J, Belton TB, Shum GC et al (2022) Mitochondria-lysosome contact site dynamics and misregulation in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 45(4):312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.005
Cohen S, Valm AM, Lippincott-Schwartz J (2018) Interacting organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 53:84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.003
Cohignac V, Landry MJ, Ridoux A et al (2018) Carbon nanotubes, but not spherical nanoparticles, block autophagy by a shape-related targeting of lysosomes in murine macrophages. Autophagy 14(8):1323–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1474993
Creutzenberg O, Hammann V, Wolf S et al (2022a) Toxicokinetic study following intratracheal instillation or oral gavage of two [7Be]-tagged carbon black samples. Part Fibre Toxicol 19:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-022-00504-8
Creutzenberg O, Pohlmann G, Schaudien D, Kock H (2022b) Toxicokinetics of nanoparticles deposited in lungs using occupational exposure scenarios. Front Public Health 10:909247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.909247
Csordás G, Renken C, Várnai P et al (2006) Structural and functional features and significance of the physical linkage between ER and mitochondria. J Cell Biol 174(7):915–921. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200604016
Csordás G, Weaver D, Hajnóczky G (2018) Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contactology: structure and signaling functions. Trends Cell Biol 28(7):523–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.009
Cui L, Wang X, Zhao X et al (2022) CeO2 nanoparticles induce pulmonary fibrosis via activating S1P pathway as revealed by metabolomics. Nano Today 45:101559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101559
Cui Y, Li Z, Xiao Q et al (2023) 1,4-Naphthoquinone-coated black carbon nanoparticles up-regulation POR/FTL/IL-33 axis in THP1 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 249:114381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114381
Deweirdt J, Quignard JF, Lacomme S et al (2020) In vitro study of carbon black nanoparticles on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: effects on calcium signaling and mitochondrial alterations. Arch Toxicol 94(7):2331–2348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02764-9
Doni A, Mantovani A, Bottazzi B, Rc R (2021) PTX3 regulation of inflammation, hemostatic response, tissue repair, and resolution of fibrosis favors a role in limiting idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Immunol 12:676702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.676702
Duckney PJ, Wang P, Hussey PJ (2022) Membrane contact sites and cytoskeleton-membrane interactions in autophagy. FEBS Lett 596(17):2093–2103. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14414
Elfmark LA, Wenzel EM, Wang L et al (2023) Protrudin-mediated ER-endosome contact sites promote phagocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 80(8):216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-04862-0
Erustes AG, D’Eletto M, Guarache GC et al (2021) Overexpression of α-synuclein inhibits mitochondrial Ca2+ trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria through MAMs by altering the GRP75-IP3R interaction. J Neurosci Res 99(11):2932–2947. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24952
Folkmann JK, Vesterdal LK, Sheykhzade M et al (2012) Endothelial dysfunction in normal and prediabetic rats with metabolic syndrome exposed by oral gavage to carbon black nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci 129(1):98–107. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs180
Franco A, Li J, Kelly DP et al (2023) A human mitofusin 2 mutation can cause mitophagic cardiomyopathy. Elife 12:e84235. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84235
Gao Y, Xiong J, Chu QZ, Ji WK (2022) PDZD8-mediated lipid transfer at contacts between the ER and late endosomes/lysosomes is required for neurite outgrowth. J Cell Sci 135(5):jcs255026. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.255026
Gao M, Ge X, Li Y et al (2023) Lysosomal dysfunction in carbon black-induced lung disorders. Sci Total Environ 905:167200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167200
Ghavami M, Fairn GD (2022) Endoplasmic reticulum-Phagosome contact sites from the cradle to the grave. Front Cell Dev Biol 10:1074443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.1074443
Giorgi C, Bonora M, Sorrentino G et al (2015) p53 at the endoplasmic reticulum regulates apoptosis in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:1779–1784. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410723112
Gomez-Suaga P, Paillusson S, Stoica R et al (2017) The ER-mitochondria tethering complex VAPB-PTPIP51 regulates autophagy. Curr Biol CB 27(3):371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.038
Gu L, Surolia R, Larson-Casey JL et al (2022) Targeting Cpt1a-Bcl-2 interaction modulates apoptosis resistance and fibrotic remodeling. Cell Death Differ 29(1):118–132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00840-w
Guan R, Yuan L, Li J et al (2022) Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by modulating cellular senescence and mitophagy in lung fibroblasts. Eur Respir J 60(6):2102307. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02307-2021
Guillén-Samander A, Bian X, De Camilli P (2019) PDZD8 mediates a Rab7-dependent interaction of the ER with late endosomes and lysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(45):22619–22623. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913509116
Gunaratne GS, Kumar S, Lin-Moshier Y et al (2023) Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 facilitates Ca2+ signal amplification between endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 299(12):105378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105378
Halimu G, Zhang Q, Liu L et al (2022) Toxic effects of nanoplastics with different sizes and surface charges on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells and the potential toxicological mechanism. J Hazard Mater 430:128485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128485
Han B, Chu C, Su X et al (2020) N6-methyladenosine-dependent primary microRNA-126 processing activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway drove the development of pulmonary fibrosis induced by nanoscale carbon black particles in rats. Nanotoxicology 14(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2019.1661041
Hao T, Yu J, Wu Z et al (2023) Hypoxia-reprogramed megamitochondrion contacts and engulfs lysosome to mediate mitochondrial self-digestion. Nat Commun 14(1):4105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39811-9
Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M et al (2023) Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 103(4):2349–2422. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00058.2021
Hathaway QA, Majumder N, Goldsmith WT et al (2021) Transcriptomics of single dose and repeated carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure highlight progressive pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction. Part Fibre Toxicol 18(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00437-8
Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA (2020) Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature 587(7835):555–566. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9
Henne WM (2021) Organelle homeostasis principles: how organelle quality control and inter-organelle crosstalk promote cell survival. Dev Cell 56(7):878–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.012
Heukels P, Moor CC, von der Thüsen JH et al (2019) Inflammation and immunity in IPF pathogenesis and treatment. Respir Med 147:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.12.015
Hirabayashi Y, Kwon SK, Paek H et al (2017) ER-mitochondria tethering by PDZD8 regulates Ca2+ dynamics in mammalian neurons. Science 358(6363):623–630. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6009
Ho LWC, Yung WY, Sy KHS et al (2017) Effect of alkylation on the cellular uptake of polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 11(6):6085–6101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02044
Hoyer MJ, Chitwood PJ, Ebmeier CC et al (2018) A novel class of ER membrane proteins regulates ER-associated endosome fission. Cell 175(1):254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.030
Hu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Tian Y (2021) Respiratory exposure to carbon black nanoparticles may induce testicular structure damage and lead to decreased sperm quality in mice. Reprod Toxicol (elmsford, NY) 106:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.001
Huang J, Meng P, Wang C et al (2022) The relevance of organelle interactions in cellular senescence. Theranostics 12:2445. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.70588
Hussain S, Thomassen LC, Ferecatu I et al (2010) Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles elicit distinct apoptotic pathways in bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-7-10
Issop L, Fan J, Lee S et al (2015) Mitochondria-associated membrane formation in hormone-stimulated Leydig cell steroidogenesis: role of ATAD3. Endocrinology 156(1):334–345. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1503
Jiang L, Wang T, Xue J et al (2019) Nanosized carbon black exposure induces neural injury: effects on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Appl Toxicol JAT 39(8):1108–1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3796
Jiang D, Cui H, Xie N et al (2020) ATF4 mediates mitochondrial unfolded protein response in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 63:478. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2020-0107OC
Kim S, Coukos R, Gao F, Krainc D (2022) Dysregulation of organelle membrane contact sites in neurological diseases. Neuron 110:2386–2408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.020
Knoell J, Chillappagari S, Knudsen L et al (2022) PACS2-TRPV1 axis is required for ER-mitochondrial tethering during ER stress and lung fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 79(3):151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04189-2
Lai L, Jin J-C, Xu Z-Q et al (2015) Spectroscopic and microscopic studies on the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity induced by CdTe QDs modified with different ligands. J Membr Biol 248:727–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-015-9785-x
Larson-Casey JL, He C, Carter AB (2020) Mitochondrial quality control in pulmonary fibrosis. Redox Biol 33:101426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101426
Lee S, Min KT (2018) The interface between ER and mitochondria: molecular compositions and functions. Mol Cells 41(12):1000–1007. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2018.0438
Lee WK, Thévenod F (2020) Cell organelles as targets of mammalian cadmium toxicity. Arch Toxicol 94(4):1017–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02692-8
Lee T-H, Yeh C-F, Lee Y-T et al (2020) Fibroblast-enriched endoplasmic reticulum protein TXNDC5 promotes pulmonary fibrosis by augmenting TGFβ signaling through TGFBR1 stabilization. Nat Commun 11(1):4254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18047-x
Leung CC, Yu IT, Chen W (2012) Silicosis. Lancet (london, England) 379(9830):2008–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60235-9
Levin-Konigsberg R, Grinstein S (2020) Phagosome-endoplasmic reticulum contacts: kissing and not running. Traffic 21(1):172–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/tra.12708
Li Y, Duan J, Chai X et al (2019) Microarray-assisted size-effect study of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanoscale 11:22907–22923. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07350g
Li FJ, Surolia R, Li H et al (2021) Citrullinated vimentin mediates development and progression of lung fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 13(585):eaba2927. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aba2927
Li J, Qi F, Su H et al (2022a) GRP75-faciliated mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) integrity controls cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer patients. Int J Biol Sci 18(7):2914–2931. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.71571
Li P, Li L, Li Z et al (2022b) Annexin A1 promotes the progression of bladder cancer via regulating EGFR signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 22:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-02427-4
Li X, Chu S, Song Z et al (2022c) Discrepancy of apoptotic events in mouse hepatocytes and catalase performance: Size-dependent cellular and molecular toxicity of ultrafine carbon black. J Hazard Mater 421:126781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126781
Li L, Jin RJ, Ji L (2023) Pachymic acid ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Environ Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23824
Lim Y, Cho IT, Schoel LJ et al (2015) Hereditary spastic paraplegia-linked REEP1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria contacts. Ann Neurol 78(5):679–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24488
Lim CY, Davis OB, Shin HR et al (2019) ER-lysosome contacts enable cholesterol sensing by mTORC1 and drive aberrant growth signalling in Niemann-Pick type C. Nat Cell Biol 21(10):1206–1218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0391-5
Liu X, Tu B, Jiang X et al (2019a) Lysosomal dysfunction is associated with persistent lung injury in dams caused by pregnancy exposure to carbon black nanoparticles. Life Sci 233:116741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116741
Liu Y, Ma X, Fujioka H et al (2019b) DJ-1 regulates the integrity and function of ER-mitochondria association through interaction with IP3R3-Grp75-VDAC1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(50):25322–25328. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906565116
Liu J, Huang Z, Yin S et al (2023) The lysosome-mitochondrion crosstalk engaged in silver nanoparticles-disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis. Sci Total Environ 889:164078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164078
Mao H, Chen W, Chen L, Li L (2022) Potential role of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 199:115011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115011
Markovinovic A, Greig J, Martín-Guerrero SM et al (2022) Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signaling in neurons and neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Sci 135:j248534. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.248534
McCunney RJ, Yong M, Warheit DB, Morfeld P (2022) Occupational exposure to poorly soluble low toxicity particles and cardiac disease: a look at carbon black and titanium dioxide. Front Public Health 10:909136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.909136
McGrath MJ, Eramo MJ, Gurung R et al (2021) Defective lysosome reformation during autophagy causes skeletal muscle disease. J Clin Invest 131(1):e135124. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI135124
Migliaccio V, Blal N, De Girolamo M et al (2023) Inter-organelle contact sites mediate the intracellular antioxidant activity of platinum nanozymes: a new perspective on cell-nanoparticle interaction and signaling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 15(3):3882–3893. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c22375
Missiroli S, Bonora M, Patergnani S et al (2016) PML at mitochondria-associated membranes is critical for the repression of autophagy and cancer development. Cell Rep 16:2415–2427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.082
Mo Y, Zhang Y, Wan R et al (2020) miR-21 mediates nickel nanoparticle-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis. Nanotoxicology 14(9):1175–1197. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2020.1808727
Mohammadinejad R, Moosavi MA, Tavakol S et al (2019) Necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell fates triggered by nanoparticles. Autophagy 15(1):4–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1509171
Monzel AS, Enríquez JA, Picard M (2023) Multifaceted mitochondria: moving mitochondrial science beyond function and dysfunction. Nat Metab 5(4):546–562. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00783-1
Naón D, Hernández-Alvarez MI, Shinjo S et al (2023) Splice variants of mitofusin 2 shape the endoplasmic reticulum and tether it to mitochondria. Science 380(6651):eadh9351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh9351
Niranjan R, Thakur AK (2017) The toxicological mechanisms of environmental soot (black carbon) and carbon black: focus on oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Front Immunol 8:763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763
Pahlavani HA (2023) Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 15:1243869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1243869
Pan B-Q, Xie Z-H, Hao J-J et al (2020) PTP1B up-regulates EGFR expression by dephosphorylating MYH9 at Y1408 to promote cell migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 522:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.168
Pei Z, Qin Y, Fu X et al (2022) Inhibition of ferroptosis and iron accumulation alleviates pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin model. Redox Biol 57:102509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102509
Peng W, Wong YC, Krainc D (2020) Mitochondria-lysosome contacts regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics via lysosomal TRPML1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117(32):19266–19275. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003236117
Pierga A, Matusiak R, Cauhapé M et al (2023) Spatacsin regulates directionality of lysosome trafficking by promoting the degradation of its partner AP5Z1. PLoS Biol 21(10):e3002337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002337
Prinz WA (2014) Bridging the gap: membrane contact sites in signaling, metabolism, and organelle dynamics. J Cell Biol 205(6):759–769. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201401126
Prinz WA, Toulmay A, Balla T (2020) The functional universe of membrane contact sites. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0180-9
Progida C, Bakke O (2016) Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi and the endosomes—machineries and regulation. J Cell Sci 129(21):3971–3982. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.185702
Qiu K, Zou W, Fang H et al (2022) Light-activated mitochondrial fission through optogenetic control of mitochondria-lysosome contacts. Nat Commun 13(1):4303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31970-5
Radulovic M, Wenzel EM, Gilani S et al (2022) Cholesterol transfer via endoplasmic reticulum contacts mediates lysosome damage repair. EMBO J 41(24):e112677. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2022112677
Rennick JJ, Johnston APR, Parton RG (2021) Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and nanoparticle therapeutics. Nat Nanotechnol 16(3):266–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00858-8
Réty S, Osterloh D, Arie JP et al (2000) Structural basis of the Ca (2+)-dependent association between S100C (S100A11) and its target, the N-terminal part of annexin I. Structure 8(2):175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00093-9
Ridgway Nd, Zhao K (2018) Cholesterol transfer at endosomal-organelle membrane contact sites. Curr Opin Lipidol 29(3):212–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000506
Rieusset J, Fauconnier J, Paillard M et al (2016) Disruption of calcium transfer from ER to mitochondria links alterations of mitochondria-associated ER membrane integrity to hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetologia 59(3):614–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3829-8
Rimessi A, Pozzato C, Carparelli L et al (2020) Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter controls lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Sci Adv 6(19):eaax9093. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9093
Robertson CG, Hardman NJ (2021) Nature of carbon black reinforcement of rubber: perspective on the original polymer nanocomposite. Polymers 13(4):538. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040538
Roest G, La Rovere RM, Bultynck G, Parys JB (2017) IP3 receptor properties and function at membrane contact sites. Adv Exp Med Biol 981:149–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_7
Rowland AA, Voeltz GK (2012) Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts: function of the junction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(10):607–625. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3440
Rylance J, Fullerton DG, Scriven J et al (2015) Household air pollution causes dose-dependent inflammation and altered phagocytosis in human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 52(5):584–593. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2014-0188OC
Salahuddin B, Faisal SN, Baigh TA et al (2021) Carbonaceous materials coated carbon fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites. Polymers 13(16):2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162771
Scorrano L, Ma DM, Emr S et al (2019) Coming together to define membrane contact sites. Nat Commun 10(1):1278. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09253-3
Selvarajah B, Azuelos I, Anastasiou D, Chambers RC (2021) Fibrometabolism-an emerging therapeutic frontier in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Signaling 14(697):eaay1027. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aay1027
Shao X, Meng C, Song W et al (2023) Subcellular visualization: organelle-specific targeted drug delivery and discovery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 199:114977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2023.114977
Shelke V, Yelgonde V, Kale A et al (2023) Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum dynamics in kidney diseases. J Cell Physiol 238(8):1716–1731. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.31058
Shen Y, Wu L, Qin D et al (2018) Carbon black suppresses the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells: the role of mitochondria. Part Fibre Toxicol 15(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0253-5
Shi X, Jiang X, Chen C et al (2022) The interconnections between the microtubules and mitochondrial networks in cardiocerebrovascular diseases: implications for therapy. Pharmacol Res 184:106452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106452
Siow WX, Kabiri Y, Tang R et al (2022) Lysosomal TRPML1 regulates mitochondrial function in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 135(6):jcr259455. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.259455
Stern ST, Adiseshaiah PP, Crist RM (2012) Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-20
Stone V, Tuinman M, Vamvakopoulos JE et al (2000) Increased calcium influx in a monocytic cell line on exposure to ultrafine carbon black. Eur Respir J 15(2):297–303. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15b13.x
Sun S, Zhao G, Jia M et al (2024) Stay in touch with the endoplasmic reticulum. Sci China Life Sci 67:230–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-023-2443-9
Takao S, Nakashima T, Masuda T et al (2021) Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells cultured in serum-free media demonstrate enhanced antifibrotic abilities via prolonged survival and robust regulatory T cell induction in murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 12(1):506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02574-5
Tan JX, Finkel T (2022) A phosphoinositide signalling pathway mediates rapid lysosomal repair. Nature 609(7928):815–821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05164-4
Tanner L, Single AB, Bhongir RKV et al (2023) Small-molecule-mediated OGG1 inhibition attenuates pulmonary inflammation and lung fibrosis in a murine lung fibrosis model. Nat Commun 14(1):643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36314-5
Thoudam T, Chanda D, Lee JY et al (2023) Enhanced Ca2+-channeling complex formation at the ER-mitochondria interface underlies the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease. Nat Commun 14(1):1703. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37214-4
Tong B, Fu L, Hu B et al (2021) Tauroursodeoxycholic acid alleviates pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 21(1):149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01514-6
Valm AM, Cohen S, Legant WR et al (2017) Applying systems-level spectral imaging and analysis to reveal the organelle interactome. Nature 546(7656):162–167. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22369
Verfaillie T, Rubio N, Garg Ad et al (2012) PERK is required at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites to convey apoptosis after ROS-based ER stress. Cell Death Differ 19(11):1880–1891. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.74
Verma N, Pink M, Schmitz-Spanke S (2021) A new perspective on calmodulin-regulated calcium and ROS homeostasis upon carbon black nanoparticle exposure. Arch Toxicol 95(6):2007–2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03032-0
Vuong NQ, Goegan P, Mohottalage S et al (2016) Proteomic changes in human lung epithelial cells (A549) in response to carbon black and titanium dioxide exposures. J Proteomics 149:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.046
Wang G, Zheng X, Duan H et al (2019) High-content analysis of particulate matters-induced oxidative stress and organelle dysfunction in vitro. Toxicol in Vitro 59:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.026
Wang J, Xu L, Xiang Z et al (2020) Microcystin-LR ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via modulating CD206+ M2-like macrophage polarization. Cell Death Dis 11(2):136. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2329-z
Wang F, Chen Z, Wang Y et al (2022a) Silver nanoparticles induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through particle-specific effects on mitochondria. Environ Sci Technol 56(9):5706–5713. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08246
Wang Y, Yf W, Li X et al (2022b) Nanoparticle-driven controllable mitochondrial regulation through lysosome-mitochondria interactome. ACS Nano 16(8):12553–12568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04078
Winkelman MJ, Szabo A, Frecska E (2023) The potential of psychedelics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 76:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.003
Winters CJ, Koval O, Murthy S et al (2016) CaMKII inhibition in type II pneumocytes protects from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by preventing Ca2+-dependent apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 310(1):L86-94. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00132.2015
Wong LH, Eden ER, Ce F (2018a) Roles for ER: endosome membrane contact sites in ligand-stimulated intraluminal vesicle formation. Biochem Soc Trans 46(5):1055–1062. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20170432
Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Krainc D (2018b) Mitochondria-lysosome contacts regulate mitochondrial fission via RAB7 GTP hydrolysis. Nature 554(7692):382–386. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25486
Wong YC, Kim S, Peng W, Krainc D (2019) Regulation and function of mitochondria-lysosome membrane contact sites in cellular homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 29(6):500–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2019.02.004
Wu W, Lin C, Wu K et al (2016) FUNDC1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics at the ER–mitochondrial contact site under hypoxic conditions. EMBO J 35:1368. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201593102
Wu H, Carvalho P, Voeltz GK (2018) Here, there, and everywhere: the importance of ER membrane contact sites. Science 361(6401):eaan5835. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5835
Wu T, Zhang S, Liang X et al (2019) The apoptosis induced by silica nanoparticle through endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol in Vitro 56:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.009
Wu Q, Liu J, Mao Z et al (2022) Ligustilide attenuates ischemic stroke injury by promoting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission via activation of AMPK. Phytomedicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153884
Xiao K, He W, Guan W et al (2020) Mesenchymal stem cells reverse EMT process through blocking the activation of NF-κB and Hedgehog pathways in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Cell Death Dis 11(10):863. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03034-3
Xu H, Ren D (2015) Lysosomal physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 77:57–80. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071649
Xue M, Fang T, Sun H et al (2021) PACS-2 attenuates diabetic kidney disease via the enhancement of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane formation. Cell Death Dis 12(12):1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-04408-x
Yang C, Wang X (2021) Lysosome biogenesis: regulation and functions. J Cell Biol 220:e202102001. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202102001
Yang J, Zhao Z, Gu M et al (2019) Release and uptake mechanisms of vesicular Ca2+ stores. Protein Cell 10(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-018-0523-x
Yu KN, Chang SH, Park SJ et al (2015a) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagic cell death via mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane disruption in normal lung cells. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0131208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131208
Yu K-N, Sung JH, Lee S et al (2015b) Inhalation of titanium dioxide induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and inflammation in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 85:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.001
Yu W, Sun S, Xu H et al (2020) TBC1D15/RAB7-regulated mitochondria-lysosome interaction confers cardioprotection against acute myocardial infarction-induced cardiac injury. Theranostics 10(24):11244–11263. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.46883
Yuan X, Nie W, He Z et al (2020) Carbon black nanoparticles induce cell necrosis through lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cause subsequent inflammatory response. Theranostics 10(10):4589–4605. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.34065
Zhang S, Liu H, Liu Y et al (2017) miR-30a as potential therapeutics by targeting TET1 through regulation of Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 18:633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030633
Zhang J, Yang J, Lin C et al (2020) Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent expression of ERO1L promotes aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer. Theranostics 10:8400–8414. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.45124
Zhang H, Lou N, Liu X-Y et al (2021a) Long-term carbon black inhalation induced the inflammation and autophagy of cerebellum in rats. Neurotoxicology 87:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.019
Zhang Y, Mo Y, Yuan J et al (2021b) MMP-3 activation is involved in copper oxide nanoparticle-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 15:1380–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2022.2030822
Zhang Y, Li T, Pan M et al (2022a) SIRT1 prevents cigarette smoking-induced lung fibroblasts activation by regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. J Transl Med 20:222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03408-5
Zhang J, Li X, Cheng W et al (2022b) Chronic carbon black nanoparticles exposure increases lung cancer risk by affecting the cell cycle via circulatory inflammation. Environ Pollut (barking, Essex: 1987) 305:119293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119293
Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhang N et al (2023) Circ_0089282 inhibits carbon black nanoparticle-induced DNA damage by promoting DNA repair protein in the lung. Toxicol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfad002
Zhao S, Feng H, Jiang D et al (2023) ER Ca2+ overload activates the IRE1α signaling and promotes cell survival. Cell Biosci 13(1):123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-023-01062-y
Zheng P, Obara CJ, Szczesna E et al (2022) ER proteins decipher the tubulin code to regulate organelle distribution. Nature 601(7891):132–138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04204-9
Zhou L, Li P, Zhang M et al (2020) Carbon black nanoparticles induce pulmonary fibrosis through NLRP3 inflammasome pathway modulated by miR-96 targeted FOXO3a. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125075
Zhu P, Zhang T, Li J et al (2021) Near-infrared emission Cu, N-doped carbon dots for human umbilical vein endothelial cell labeling and their biocompatibility in vitro. J Appl Toxicol JAT 41(5):789–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4119
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973074, 82204074), S&T Program of Hebei (22377735D), the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department (BJK2023006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bao, L., Liu, Q., Wang, J. et al. The interactions of subcellular organelles in pulmonary fibrosis induced by carbon black nanoparticles: a comprehensive review. Arch Toxicol 98, 1629–1643 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03719-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03719-0