A fluorescent probe with an ultra-rapid response to nitric oxide

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic inorganic free radical ubiquitous in mammalian tissues and cells that plays a multifaceted role in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. The strict dependence of the biological effects of NO on its concentration makes its real-time monitoring crucial. In view of the reactivity of NO with multiple bio-targets, the development of NO sensors that associate a fast response rate with selectivity and sensitivity is very challenging. Herein we report a fluorescent NO probe based on a BODIPY fluorogenic unit covalently linked to a trimethoxy aniline derivative through a flexible spacer. NO leads to effective nitrosation of the highly electron-rich amino active site of the probe through the secondary oxide N2O3, resulting in an increase of BODIPY fluorescence quantum yield from Φf = 0.06 to Φf = 0.55, accompanied by significant changes in the relative amplitude of the fluorescence lifetimes. In situ generation of NO, achieved by a tailored light-activatable NO releaser, allows the real-time detection of NO as a function of its concentration and permits demonstrating that the probe exhibits a very fast response time, being ≤0.1 s. This remarkable data combines with the high sensitivity of the probe to NO (LOD = 35 nM), responsiveness also to ONOO, the other important secondary oxide of NO, independence from the fluorescence response within a wide pH range, good selectivity towards different analytes and small interference by typical physiological concentrations of glutathione. Validation of this probe in melanoma cell lines is also reported.

Graphical abstract: A fluorescent probe with an ultra-rapid response to nitric oxide

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
10 Jan 2024
Accepted
20 Mar 2024
First published
21 Mar 2024
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, Advance Article

A fluorescent probe with an ultra-rapid response to nitric oxide

C. Parisi, A. Pastore, M. Stornaiuolo and S. Sortino, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4TB00064A

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