Issue 6, 2024

From biomass to fuels: a carbon-efficient route combining ketalization and fluid catalytic cracking

Abstract

One of the best ways to reduce the carbon footprint is to convert second-generation biomass (s-BM) into fuels in oil refineries. However, s-BM is not suitable for conventional processing. To circumvent this problem, we first converted s-BM under mild conditions in the presence of acetone into a stable non-corrosive liquid, which we call bio-petroleum (BP). This process did not result in carbon loss, and the BP exhibited a reduced number of parallel reactions during its further transformation. This article describes the results of co-processing BP with vacuum gasoil up to high amounts (75 wt%) through fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC). A small amount of unwanted coke was observed, while 70–79% green carbon was incorporated into products like LPG and gasoline. Feed mixtures up to 35 wt% BP produced drop-in fractions of green hydrocarbons to LPG, gasoline, and petrochemical feedstocks. With higher amounts of BP, the mixtures produced high added-value products. We employed this approach as a starting point to produce carbon-neutral fuels.

Graphical abstract: From biomass to fuels: a carbon-efficient route combining ketalization and fluid catalytic cracking

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
23 Jan 2024
Accepted
12 Feb 2024
First published
21 Feb 2024

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2024,8, 1329-1337

From biomass to fuels: a carbon-efficient route combining ketalization and fluid catalytic cracking

J. Carvalho, A. Vieira, A. Magalhães, L. S. Mariz e Miranda, Y. L. Lam and M. M. Pereira, Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2024, 8, 1329 DOI: 10.1039/D4SE00131A

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