Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Efficient blue electroluminescence from reduced-dimensional perovskites

Nature Photonics (2024)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) show promises for next-generation displays owing to their excellent luminescent properties and low cost. Despite substantial progress with green- and red-emitting devices, the development of efficient blue perovskite LEDs has lagged behind. Here we demonstrate efficient blue perovskite LEDs based on a mixed two-dimensional–three-dimensional perovskite and a multifunctional ionic additive that enables control over the reduced-dimensional phases, non-radiative recombination channels and spectral stability. We report a series of devices that emit efficient electroluminescence from mixed bromide/chloride quasi-three-dimensional regions, with external quantum efficiencies of up to 21.4% (at a luminance of 22 cd m–2 and emission peak at 483 nm), 13.2% (at a luminance of 2.0 cd m–2 and emission peak at 474 nm) and 7.3% (at a luminance of 6 cd m–2 and emission peak at 464 nm). Devices show a nearly 30-fold increase in operational stability compared with control LEDs, with a half-lifetime of 129 min at an initial luminance of 100 cd m–2. Our findings demonstrate the performance of blue perovskite LEDs close to that of state-of-the-art blue organic LEDs and inorganic quantum dot LEDs and provide a new approach to design multifunctional molecules to boost the performance of perovskite optoelectronic devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Perovskite LED device structure and performance.
Fig. 2: Impact of PPNCl on perovskite phases and crystal quality.
Fig. 3: TA measurements of blue perovskite films.
Fig. 4: Regulation effects of PPNCl on blue perovskites.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The main data that support the findings of this study are available within the Article and its Supplementary Information. Related research results are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Tan, Z.-K. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687–692 (2014).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cho, H. et al. Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science 350, 1222–1225 (2015).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Yuan, M. et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 872–877 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Protesescu, L. et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano Lett. 15, 3692–3696 (2015).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Xiao, Z. et al. Efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes featuring nanometre-sized crystallites. Nat. Photon. 11, 108–115 (2017).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cao, Y. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature 562, 249–253 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lin, K. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature 562, 245–248 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hassan, Y. et al. Ligand-engineered bandgap stability in mixed-halide perovskite LEDs. Nature 591, 72–77 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu, X.-K. et al. Metal halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nat. Mater. 20, 10–21 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yang, X. et al. Efficient green light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional composition and phase engineered perovskite with surface passivation. Nat. Commun. 9, 570 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kong, L. et al. Smoothing the energy transfer pathway in quasi-2D perovskite films using methanesulfonate leads to highly efficient light-emitting devices. Nat. Commun. 12, 1246 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang, N. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells. Nat. Photon. 10, 699–704 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim, Y. et al. Comprehensive defect suppression in perovskite nanocrystals for high-efficiency light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 15, 148–155 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chiba, T. et al. Anion-exchange red perovskite quantum dots with ammonium iodine salts for highly efficient light-emitting devices. Nat. Photon. 12, 681–687 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Xu, W. et al. Rational molecular passivation for high performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 13, 418–424 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jiang, Y. et al. Reducing the impact of Auger recombination in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 12, 336 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Uoyama, H., Goushi, K., Shizu, K., Nomura, H. & Adachi, C. Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes from delayed fluorescence. Nature 492, 234–238 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cao, L., Klimes, K., Ji, Y., Fleetham, T. & Li, J. Efficient and stable organic light-emitting devices employing phosphorescent molecular aggregates. Nat. Photon. 15, 230–237 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ai, X. et al. Efficient radical-based light-emitting diodes with doublet emission. Nature 563, 536–540 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dai, X. et al. Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots. Nature 515, 96–99 (2014).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Shen, H. et al. Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency. Nat. Photon. 13, 192–197 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Won, Y. et al. Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 575, 634–638 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Meng, T. et al. Ultrahigh-resolution quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 16, 297–303 (2022).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chu, Z. et al. Large cation ethylammonium incorporated perovskite for efficient and spectra stable blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11, 4165 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Karlsson, M. et al. Mixed halide perovskites for spectrally stable and high-efficiency blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 12, 361 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Liu, Y. et al. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat. Photon. 13, 760–764 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Li, Z. et al. Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5%. Nat. Commun. 10, 1027 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Jiang, Y. et al. Synthesis-on-substrate of quantum dot solids. Nature 612, 679–682 (2022).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kondo, Y. et al. Narrowband deep-blue organic light-emitting diode featuring an organoboron-based emitter. Nat. Photon. 13, 678–682 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sun, J. et al. Exceptionally stable blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 16, 212–218 (2022).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim, T. et al. Efficient and stable blue quantum dot light-emitting diode. Nature 586, 385–389 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yuan, S. et al. Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes employing a cationic π-conjugated polymer. Adv. Mater. 45, 2103640 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Jiang, Y. et al. Spectra stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 10, 1868 (2019).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Xing, J. et al. Color-stable highly luminescent sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 9, 3541 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang, C. et al. Dimension control of in situ fabricated CsPbClBr2 nanocrystal films toward efficient blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11, 6428 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tao, Y. et al. Resonance-activated spin-flipping for efficient organic ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence. Adv. Mater. 44, 1803856 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jiang, H. et al. Organic resonance materials: molecular design, photophysical properties, and optoelectronic applications. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 18, 7739–7754 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Swartz, W., Ruff, J. & Hercules, D. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of some bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 15, 5227–5229 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Abdi-Jalebi, M. et al. Maximizing and stabilizing luminescence from halide perovskites with potassium passivation. Nature 555, 497–501 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Herberholz, R., Igalson, M. & Schock, H. W. Distinction between bulk and interface states in CuInSe2/CdS/ZnO by space charge spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 318–325 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Frisch, M. J. et al. Gaussian 16 Rev. B.01 Release Notes (2016).

  42. Giannozzi, P. et al. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Giannozzi, P. et al. Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with Quantum ESPRESSO. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 465901 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Perdew, J. P. et al. Restoring the density-gradient expansion for exchange in solids and surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 136406 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Garrity, K. F., Bennett, J. W., Rabe, K. M. & Vanderbilt, D. Pseudopotentials for high-throughput DFT calculations. Comput. Mater. Sci. 81, 446–452 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Monkhorst, H. J. & Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 13, 5188–5192 (1976).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by funding from the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant agreement no. 52103242). This work was partially carried out at the USTC Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication. The numerical calculations in this paper were performed on the supercomputing system at the Supercomputing Center of the University of Science and Technology of China. S.Y. acknowledges financial support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant agreement no. 2021M703115) and Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (grant agreement no. 2208085QE133). L.D. acknowledges support from the China Scholarship Council, Cambridge Trust and the European Research Council (ERC; European Union’s Horizon 2020, PEROVSCI 957513). Y.S. acknowledges support from the China Scholarship Council and Cambridge Trust. F.A. acknowledges funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 670405). Y.L. acknowledges support from Simons Foundation (grant 601946) and A*STAR under its Young Achiever Award. Y.-H.Z. and L.-S.L. acknowledge funding from the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant agreement nos. 51773141, 61961160731 and 51821002). S.D.S. acknowledges funding from the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). R.H.F. acknowledges support from the EPSRC (EP/M01083X/1 and EP/M005143/1) and the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 670405). This work was supported by EPSRC grants EP/R023980/1, EP/M01083X/1 and EP/M005143/1. C.D., X.L. and Y.Q. acknowledge funding support from the Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, the OIST R & D Cluster Research Program and the OIST Proof of Concept (POC) Program. X.T. and C.A. acknowledge support from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) CREST (no. JPMJCR22B3) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (no. 23H05406). X.T. acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI (no. 22K20536).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Shuai Yuan, Linjie Dai.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Shuai Yuan, Rui-Zhi An & Lin-Song Cui

  2. CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Shuai Yuan, Rui-Zhi An, Zhi-Feng Ye & Lin-Song Cui

  3. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Linjie Dai, Yuqi Sun, Florian Auras, Yun Liu, Neil C. Greenham, Samuel D. Stranks & Richard H. Friend

  4. Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Yu-Hang Zhou & Liang-Sheng Liao

  5. Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore

    Yun Liu

  6. Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan

    Chenfeng Ding, Xiaomin Liu & Yabing Qi

  7. Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan

    Cathal Cassidy

  8. Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Xun Tang & Chihaya Adachi

  9. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Shou-Cheng Dong

  10. Engineering Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan

    Hyung-Been Kang

  11. School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

    Kai Chen

  12. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Xiaomin Liu & Yixin Zhao

  13. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Samuel D. Stranks

Authors
  1. Shuai Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linjie Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuqi Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Florian Auras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yu-Hang Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rui-Zhi An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yun Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chenfeng Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Cathal Cassidy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xun Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Shou-Cheng Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Hyung-Been Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Kai Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Xiaomin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Zhi-Feng Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Yixin Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Chihaya Adachi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Liang-Sheng Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Neil C. Greenham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Yabing Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Samuel D. Stranks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Lin-Song Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Richard H. Friend
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The project was conceived and designed by L.-S.C. and S.Y. S.Y. fabricated the efficient perovskite LEDs, characterized the device performances and obtained the materials characteristics under the supervision of L.-S.C. L.D. conducted the TA experiments and analysed the results under the supervision of S.D.S. Y.S. prepared the perovskite films and assisted with the photophysical measurements and data analysis, as well as cross-checked the LED measurements under the supervision of N.C.G. F.A. participated in the discussion and edited the manuscript. Y.-H.Z. prepared the samples for FTIR measurements under the supervision of L.-S.L. R.-Z.A. and Z.-F.Y. prepared the perovskite films and assisted with the NMR measurements under the supervision of L.-S.C. Y.L. performed the theoretical calculations. C.C. conducted the FIB, STEM and TEM measurements. C.D. analysed the TEM results under the supervision of Y.Q. X.T. performed the streak camera measurements under the supervision of C.A. C.D. carried out the ToF-SIMS measurements. H.-B.K. conducted the XRD measurements. K.C. helped the analysis of ultrafast PL results. X.L. prepared the perovskite precursors and assisted in performing the XRD measurements under the supervision of Y.Q. and Y.Z. L.-S.C. and S.D.S. supervised the work and assisted in the data analysis. S.Y., L.D., S.D.S., L.-S.C. and R.H.F. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Samuel D. Stranks or Lin-Song Cui.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Photonics thanks Xuyong Yang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–26, Notes 1 and 2 and Table 1.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yuan, S., Dai, L., Sun, Y. et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence from reduced-dimensional perovskites. Nat. Photon. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01382-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01382-6

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing