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Review Article
Open Access
Swimming in Complex Fluids
- Saverio E. Spagnolie1, and Patrick T. Underhill2
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Department of Mathematics, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA; email: [email protected]
- Vol. 14:381-415 (Volume publication date March 2023) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040821-112149
- First published as a Review in Advance on December 16, 2022
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Copyright © 2023 by the author(s).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information
Abstract
We review the literature on swimming in complex fluids. A classification is proposed by comparing the length- and timescales of a swimmer with those of nearby obstacles, interpreted broadly, extending from rigid or soft confining boundaries to molecules that confer the bulk fluid with complex stresses. A third dimension in the classification is the concentration of swimmers, which incorporates fluids whose complexity arises purely by the collective motion of swimming organisms. For each of the eight system types that we identify, we provide a background and describe modern research findings. Although some types have seen a great deal of attention for decades, others remain uncharted waters still open and awaiting exploration.
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