Tree death drives population dynamics, nutrient cycling, and evolution within plant communities. Mortality variation across species is thought to be influenced by different factors relative to variation within species. The unified model provided here separates mortality rates into growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards. This model creates the opportunity to simultaneously estimate these hazards both across and within species. Moreover, it provides the ability to examine how species traits affect growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards. We derive this unified mortality model using cross-validated Bayesian methods coupled with mortality data collected over three census intervals for 203 tropical rainforest tree species at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We found that growth-independent mortality tended to be higher in species with lower wood density, higher light requirements, and smaller maximum diameter at breast height (dbh). Mortality due to marginal carbon budget as measured by near-zero growth rate tended to be higher in species with lower wood density and higher light demand. The total mortality variation attributable to differences among species was large relative to variation explained by these traits, emphasizing that much remains to be understood. This additive hazards model strengthens our capacity to parse and understand individual-level mortality in highly diverse tropical forests and hence to predict its consequences.

树木死亡驱动植物群落内部的种群动态，养分循环和进化。物种间的死亡率变化被认为是受与物种内变化有关的不同因素影响。这里提供的统一模型将死亡率分为与生长有关的危害和与生长无关的危害。该模型创造了机会，可以同时估算物种之间和物种内部的这些危害。此外，它还提供了检查物种性状如何影响依赖于生长和不依赖于生长的危害的能力。我们使用交叉验证的贝叶斯方法，加上巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛（BCI）的203种热带雨林树种在三个普查间隔内收集的死亡率数据，得出这种统一的死亡率模型。我们发现，具有较低木材密度，较高光需求和较小胸高（dbh）的最大直径的物种，与生长无关的死亡率往往较高。在木材密度较低和光需求较高的物种中，由于边际碳收支所致的死亡率（以接近零的增长率衡量）往往较高。相对于这些性状所解释的变异，归因于物种间差异的总死亡率变异较大，强调了许多尚待理解。这种累加危害模型增强了我们分析和理解高度多样化的热带森林中个人死亡率的能力，因此可以预测其后果。在木材密度较低和光需求较高的物种中，由于边际碳收支所致的死亡率（以接近零的增长率衡量）往往较高。相对于这些性状所解释的变异，归因于物种间差异的总死亡率变异较大，强调了许多尚待理解。这种累加危害模型增强了我们分析和理解高度多样化的热带森林中个人死亡率的能力，因此可以预测其后果。在木材密度较低和光需求较高的物种中，由于边际碳收支所致的死亡率（以接近零的增长率衡量）往往较高。相对于这些性状所解释的变异，归因于物种间差异的总死亡率变异较大，强调了许多尚待理解。这种累加危害模型增强了我们分析和理解高度多样化的热带森林中个人死亡率的能力，因此可以预测其后果。