Improvements toward highly efficient electrochemical energy conversion require a detailed understanding of the underlying electrochemical processes at electrified solid–liquid interfaces. In situ and in operando studies by means of electrochemical scanning probe microscopy (EC‐SPM) have become indispensable experimental tools due to their capability of resolving surface topography down to the atomic level even within the harsh environment of electrolytes. EC‐SPM methodologies have thus contributed tremendously to the current understanding of electrocatalysis. In this review article, recent achievements in complementary EC‐SPM techniques, namely electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC‐STM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC‐AFM), scanning electrochemical potential microscopy (SECPM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), are discussed with particular focus on electrochemical phenomena important for the field of electrocatalysis. The currently available options for obtaining insight on local chemical composition and local reactivity as well as important electrocatalytic model systems are considered. In addition, the application of EC‐SPM methods to metal ion batteries is addressed.

中文翻译：

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电催化中的电化学扫描探针显微镜

朝着高效电化学能量转换的方向发展，需要对带电固液界面处的基本电化学过程有详细的了解。通过电化学扫描探针显微镜（EC-SPM）进行的原位和操作研究已经成为必不可少的实验工具，因为它们即使在苛刻的电解质环境中也能将表面形貌降低到原子水平。因此，EC‐SPM方法论为当前对电催化的理解做出了巨大贡献。在这篇评论文章中，在互补的EC‐SPM技术方面的最新成就，即电化学扫描隧道显微镜（EC‐STM），电化学原子力显微镜（EC‐AFM），扫描电化学势显微镜（SECPM），讨论了扫描电镜和扫描电化学显微镜（SECM），特别是对电催化领域重要的电化学现象。考虑了获得有关局部化学组成和局部反应性以及重要的电催化模型系统的见解的当前可用选项。此外，还探讨了EC-SPM方法在金属离子电池中的应用。