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Daily Patterns of Caffeine Intake and the Association of Intake with Multiple Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors in US Adults Based on the NHANES 2007–2012 Surveys
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.08.152
Harris R. Lieberman , Sanjiv Agarwal , Victor L. Fulgoni

BACKGROUND Caffeine increases alertness when consumed in single servings of various products including coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks. Although not a nutrient, caffeine is consumed by 90% of the adult population in the United States. OBJECTIVE This study examined the daily pattern of caffeine intake and its relationship to multiple demographic variables. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 (adults aged 19+ years; n=16,173) were used to determine the time of day at which caffeine is consumed and demographic factors associated with intake. Regression analyses characterized factors associated with caffeine intake including sex, age, ethnicity, education, smoking status, physical activity, employment status, total work hours, alcohol, and energy intake. RESULTS Mean adult per capita caffeine intake was 169±4 mg/d (mean±standard error). Most caffeine (70%) was consumed before noon, often at breakfast, and intake decreased progressively over the day, with little consumed after 9:00 pm. Intake was associated with age, ethnicity, smoking status, total calorie intake, and work hours (P<0.01) but not physical activity, economic status, education level, or employment status. Variables with the largest associations with intake were, respectively, ethnicity and age. Non-Hispanic black individuals consumed the smallest amounts (80±2 mg/d), non-Hispanic white individuals consumed the greatest amounts (194±3 mg/d), and Asian individuals (126±7 mg/d) and Hispanic individuals consumed intermediate amounts (127±3 mg/d). Middle-aged individuals (aged 50 to 54 years) consumed more caffeine (211±6 mg/d) than younger (107±4 mg/d, aged 20 to 24 years) and older individuals (153±4 mg/d, aged 75 to 79 years). CONCLUSION Most caffeine is consumed in the morning, when alertness is lowest, and very little in the evening before sleep. Ethnicity and age were the variables most strongly associated with intake; work hours, occupation, energy and alcohol intake, and smoking were also associated with intake. Because caffeine increases alertness, it is not surprising that its pattern of consumption and factors associated with its intake vary from those of most other food constituents.

中文翻译:

基于 NHANES 2007-2012 调查的美国成年人每日咖啡因摄入量模式以及摄入量与多种社会人口学和生活方式因素的关联

背景技术当以单份的各种产品(包括咖啡、茶、软饮料和能量饮料)食用时,咖啡因会提高警觉性。虽然咖啡因不是一种营养素,但美国 90% 的成年人都摄入了咖啡因。目的 本研究调查了咖啡因摄入量的每日模式及其与多个人口统计变量的关系。方法 使用 2007-2012 年国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 的数据(19 岁以上的成年人;n=16,173)来确定一天中摄入咖啡因的时间以及与摄入相关的人口统计因素。回归分析表征了与咖啡因摄入相关的因素,包括性别、年龄、种族、教育、吸烟状况、体育活动、就业状况、总工作时间、酒精和能量摄入。结果 平均成人人均咖啡因摄入量为 169±4 毫克/天(平均值±标准误差)。大多数咖啡因 (70%) 在中午之前消耗,通常在早餐时消耗,并且摄入量在一天中逐渐减少,晚上 9:00 之后消耗很少。摄入量与年龄、种族、吸烟状况、总卡路里摄入量和工作时间相关(P<0.01),但与体力活动、经济状况、教育水平或就业状况无关。与摄入量相关性最大的变量分别是种族和年龄。非西班牙裔黑人摄入量最少 (80±2 mg/d),非西班牙裔白人摄入量最大 (194±3 mg/d),亚洲人 (126±7 mg/d) 和西班牙裔个体消耗中间量 (127±3 毫克/天)。中年人(50 至 54 岁)摄入的咖啡因(211±6 毫克/天)比年轻人(107±4 毫克/天,20 至 24 岁)和老年人(153±4 毫克/天,老年75 至 79 岁)。结论 大部分咖啡因在早晨摄入,此时的警觉性最低,晚上睡觉前摄入的咖啡因很少。种族和年龄是与摄入量最相关的变量;工作时间、职业、能量和酒精摄入量以及吸烟也与摄入量有关。由于咖啡因可提高警觉性,因此其消费模式和与其摄入相关的因素与大多数其他食物成分不同也就不足为奇了。晚上睡觉前很少。种族和年龄是与摄入量最相关的变量;工作时间、职业、能量和酒精摄入量以及吸烟也与摄入量有关。由于咖啡因可提高警觉性,因此其消费模式和与其摄入相关的因素与大多数其他食物成分不同也就不足为奇了。晚上睡觉前很少。种族和年龄是与摄入量最相关的变量;工作时间、职业、能量和酒精摄入量以及吸烟也与摄入量有关。由于咖啡因可提高警觉性,因此其消费模式和与其摄入相关的因素与大多数其他食物成分不同也就不足为奇了。
更新日期:2019-01-01
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