5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the versatile platform molecules that can be derived from biomass, and a promising starting substrate for producing 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). DFF is a platform chemical with applications in pharmaceuticals, macrocyclic ligands, and functional polymeric materials. Importantly, FDCA is being considered as a potential alternative to replace terephthalic acid for producing the bioplastic polyethylene furanoate, instead of polyethylene terephthalate, by blending with ethylene glycol. A significant number of studies have focused on the oxidation of HMF to FDCA with metal‐containing heterogeneous catalysts in both aqueous and organic media in the presence of peroxides/air/molecular oxygen as the oxidant. In this regard, articles have recently been published related to HMF oxidation with base (nonprecious)‐metal‐containing catalysts that exhibit appealing activity towards DFF or FDCA in terms of yield. Thus, this Minireview focuses on recent developments in efficient transformations of HMF to DFF and FDCA with base‐metal‐containing heterogeneous catalysts in aqueous and organic media. This review further focuses on the direct transformation of glucose/fructose to DFF and/or FDCA with nonprecious‐metal‐containing catalysts in various solvents. Photocatalytic approaches for HMF oxidation with nonprecious metal‐ containing catalysts are also briefly discussed.

中文翻译：

---

含碱（非贵重）金属的催化剂在5-羟基甲基糠醛氧化中的最新进展

5-羟基甲基糠醛（HMF）是一种可衍生自生物质的多功能平台分子，是生产2,5-二甲酰基呋喃（DFF）和2,5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）的有希望的起始底物。DFF是一种平台化学品，可用于制药，大环配体和功能性高分子材料。重要的是，FDCA被认为是一种潜在的替代品，可通过与乙二醇共混来代替对苯二甲酸来生产生物塑料聚呋喃酸酯，而不是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。大量研究集中于在过氧化物/空气/分子氧作为氧化剂存在下，在含水和有机介质中使用含金属的多相催化剂将HMF氧化为FDCA。在这方面，最近发表的有关HMF用含碱（非贵重）金属的催化剂氧化的文章，在产率方面对DFF或FDCA表现出吸引人的活性。因此，本期Minireview的重点是在水性和有机介质中，使用含贱金属的多相催化剂将HMF有效转化为DFF和FDCA的最新进展。这篇综述进一步侧重于在各种溶剂中使用非贵金属催化剂将葡萄糖/果糖直接转化为DFF和/或FDCA。还简要讨论了使用含非贵金属的催化剂进行HMF氧化的光催化方法。这份Minireview重点介绍了在含水和有机介质中，使用含贱金属的多相催化剂将HMF有效转化为DFF和FDCA的最新进展。这篇综述进一步侧重于在各种溶剂中使用非贵金属催化剂将葡萄糖/果糖直接转化为DFF和/或FDCA。还简要讨论了使用含非贵金属的催化剂进行HMF氧化的光催化方法。这份Minireview重点介绍了在含水和有机介质中，使用含贱金属的多相催化剂将HMF有效转化为DFF和FDCA的最新进展。这篇综述进一步侧重于在各种溶剂中使用非贵金属催化剂将葡萄糖/果糖直接转化为DFF和/或FDCA。还简要讨论了使用含非贵金属的催化剂进行HMF氧化的光催化方法。