The production of ammonia from N₂ molecules under ambient conditions [electro (photo) chemical reduction] is one of the most attractive topics in the energy‐related field due to its unique advantages and great potentials. Recently, various catalysts have been explored to show certain activities in nitrogen reduction reactions (NRRs) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. To further improve the catalytic activity and increase the selectivity, the catalysts should be rationally designed to introduce extra active sites for the N₂ molecule adsorption and activation. This review summarizes recent progress of the defect engineering strategies to design highly efficient electrochemical or photocatalytic NRR nanocatalysts. The defect sites would serve as the active center for the NRR and further enhance its intrinsic performance. The defect engineering strategies are summarized in different categories, including vacancies (oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur vacancies), doping (metal doping and nonmetal doping), amorphous phases (amorphous noble metal and amorphous transition metal), size effects, and structure effects. In addition, the different ammonia determination methods are summarized and compared in order to obtain more credible and veritable NRR performance results.

中文翻译：

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环境条件下氮还原反应的缺陷工程策略

在环境条件下由N ₂分子生产氨（电（光）化学还原）是能源相关领域中最有吸引力的主题之一，因为它具有独特的优势和巨大的潜力。近来，已经探索了各种催化剂以在室温和大气压下在氮还原反应（NRR）中显示某些活性。为了进一步提高催化活性和提高选择性，应合理设计催化剂以引入额外的N ₂活性位。分子的吸附和活化。这篇综述总结了缺陷工程策略在设计高效电化学或光催化NRR纳米催化剂方面的最新进展。缺陷部位将充当NRR的活动中心，并进一步增强其固有性能。缺陷工程策略可归纳为不同类别，包括空位（氧，氮和硫空位），掺杂（金属掺杂和非金属掺杂），非晶相（非晶态贵金属和非晶态过渡金属），尺寸效应和结构效应。此外，总结并比较了不同的氨气测定方法，以获得更可信，更真实的NRR性能结果。