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Urinary metals and metal mixtures in Bangladesh: Exploring environmental sources in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS).
Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-10-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.031
Tiffany R Sanchez 1 , Vesna Slavkovich 1 , Nancy LoIacono 1 , Alexander van Geen 2 , Tyler Ellis 2 , Steven N Chillrud 2 , Olgica Balac 1 , Tarique Islam 3 , Faruque Parvez 1 , Habib Ahsan 4 , Joseph H Graziano 1 , Ana Navas-Acien 1
Affiliation  

INTRODUCTION Environmental exposure to toxic metals and metalloids is pervasive and occurs from multiple sources. The Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) is an ongoing prospective study predominantly focused on understanding health effects associated with arsenic exposure from drinking water. The goal of this project was to measure a suite of elements in urine to better understand potential exposure patterns and to identify common environmental sources of exposure among this semi-rural Bangladeshi population. METHODS In a random sample of 199 adult HEALS participants (50% female), the concentrations of 15 urinary elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Tl, W, Zn) were assessed by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess commonalities with sociodemographic characteristics and potential sources of exposure. We used principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax normalized rotations, and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA), using Ward's method with Euclidean distances, to evaluate these relationships. RESULTS PCA and CA showed similar patterns, suggesting 6 principal components (PC) and 5 clusters: 1)PC: Sr-Ni-Cs/ CA: Sr-Ni-Co; 2) Pb-Tl/Pb-Tl-Se-Cs; 3) As-Mo-W/As-Mo-W; 4) Ba-Mn/Ba-Mn; 5) Cu-Zn/Cu-Zn-Cd; and 6) Cd. There was a strong significant association between the As-Mo-W PC/cluster and water arsenic levels (p < 0.001) and between the Cd PC and betel nut use (p = 0.003). The Sr-Ni-Cs PC was not related to any of the socio-demographic characteristics investigated, including smoking status and occupation. The first PC, Sr-Ni-Cs, explained 21% of the variability; the third PC, As-Mo-W, explained 12.5% of the variability; and the sixth PC, Cd, explained 10% of the variability. Day laborers appeared to have the highest exposure. CONCLUSIONS Groundwater and betel nut use are likely important sources of metal and metalloid exposure in this population. These findings will guide future exposure assessment research in Bangladesh and future epidemiologic research investigating the degree to which metal mixtures play a role in disease development.

中文翻译:

孟加拉国的尿金属和金属混合物:探索砷纵向研究 (HEALS) 对健康的影响中的环境来源。

引言 有毒金属和准金属的环境暴露是普遍存在的,并且有多种来源。砷纵向研究 (HEALS) 的健康影响是一项正在进行的前瞻性研究,主要关注与饮用水中砷暴露相关的健康影响。该项目的目标是测量尿液中的一系列元素,以更好地了解潜在的暴露模式,并确定孟加拉半农村人口中常见的环境暴露源。方法 在 199 名成年 HEALS 参与者(50% 女性)的随机样本中,15 种尿元素(As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cs、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se、Sr、Tl、W , Zn) 通过电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP-MS) 进行评估,以评估与社会人口学特征和潜在暴露源的共性。我们使用具有 varimax 归一化旋转的主成分分析 (PCA) 和层次聚类分析 (CA),使用带有欧几里德距离的 Ward 方法来评估这些关系。结果 PCA 和 CA 显示出相似的模式,表明 6 个主成分(PC)和 5 个簇: 1)PC:Sr-Ni-Cs/ CA:Sr-Ni-Co;2) Pb-Tl/Pb-Tl-Se-Cs;3) As-Mo-W/As-Mo-W;4) Ba-Mn/Ba-Mn;5) 铜-锌/铜-锌-镉;6) 镉。As-Mo-W PC/簇与水砷水平 (p < 0.001) 之间以及 Cd PC 与槟榔使用之间 (p = 0.003) 之间存在强烈的显着关联。Sr-Ni-Cs PC 与所调查的任何社会人口学特征无关,包括吸烟状况和职业。第一个 PC,Sr-Ni-Cs,解释了 21% 的变异性;第三个主成分 As-Mo-W 解释了 12.5% 的变异性;而第六个主成分 Cd 解释了 10% 的变异性。临时工的曝光率似乎最高。结论 地下水和槟榔的使用可能是该人群中金属和准金属暴露的重要来源。这些发现将指导孟加拉国未来的暴露评估研究和未来的流行病学研究,调查金属混合物在疾病发展中的作用程度。结论 地下水和槟榔的使用可能是该人群中金属和准金属暴露的重要来源。这些发现将指导孟加拉国未来的暴露评估研究和未来的流行病学研究,调查金属混合物在疾病发展中的作用程度。结论 地下水和槟榔的使用可能是该人群中金属和准金属暴露的重要来源。这些发现将指导孟加拉国未来的暴露评估研究和未来的流行病学研究,调查金属混合物在疾病发展中的作用程度。
更新日期:2018-10-19
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