According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, “Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.”1 Other important irregularities involving the biomedical research process include, but are not limited to, ethical issues (eg, failure to obtain informed consent, failure to obtain appropriate approval from an institutional review board, and mistreatment of research participants), issues involving authorship responsibilities and disputes, duplicate publication, and failure to report conflicts of interest. When authors are found to have been involved with research misconduct or other serious irregularities involving articles that have been published in scientific journals, editors have a responsibility to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the scientific record.2,3 Although not much is known about the prevalence of scientific misconduct, several studies with limited methods have estimated that the prevalence of scientists who have been involved in scientific misconduct ranges from 1% to 2%.4-6 During the last 5 years, JAMA and the JAMA Network journals have published 12 notices of Retraction about 15 articles (including recent Retractions of 6 articles by the same author)7 and 6 notices of Expression of Concern about 9 articles. These notices were published primarily because the original studies were found to involve fabrication or falsification of data that invalidated the research and the published articles; in some cases, postpublication investigations could not provide evidence that the original research was valid. Since 2015, JAMA and the JAMA Network journals also have retracted and replaced 12 articles for instances of inadvertent pervasive error resulting from incorrect data coding or incorrect analyses and without evidence of research misconduct.8 During the same period, 1021 correction notices have been published in these journals. The JAMA Network policies regarding corrections and retraction with replacement have been published previously.8,9 In this Editorial, the focus is on a more complex and challenging issue—scientific misconduct involving fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism in the reporting of research.1

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科学不端行为和医学期刊

根据美国卫生与公众服务部的说法，“研究不端行为是指在提出、执行或审查研究或报告研究结果时捏造、篡改或剽窃。”1 涉及生物医学研究过程的其他重要违规行为包括但不限于不限于伦理问题（例如，未能获得知情同意、未能获得机构审查委员会的适当批准以及研究参与者的不当对待）、涉及作者责任和争议的问题、重复发表以及未能报告利益冲突. 当发现作者在科学期刊上发表的文章涉及研究不端行为或其他严重违规行为时，编辑有责任确保科学记录的准确性和完整性。 2,3 尽管对科学不端行为的普遍性知之甚少，但一些方法有限的研究估计，参与科学不端行为的科学家的普遍性在范围内从 1% 到 2%.4-6 在过去的 5 年中，JAMA 和 JAMA Network 期刊发表了 12 篇 Retraction 通知，大约 15 篇（包括最近同一作者的 6 篇文章的 Retractions）7和 6 篇Expression of Expression关注9篇。发布这些通知主要是因为原始研究被发现涉及伪造或伪造数据，使研究和已发表的文章无效；在某些情况下，发表后调查无法提供原始研究有效的证据。自 2015 年以来，JAMA 和 JAMA Network 期刊也撤回并替换了 12 篇因数据编码不正确或分析不正确而导致的无意普遍错误且没有研究不当行为证据的文章。 8同期，1021 篇更正通知已发表在这些期刊。JAMA 网络关于更正和撤回替换的政策之前已经发布。 8,9 在本社论中，重点是一个更复杂和更具挑战性的问题 - 在研究报告中涉及捏造、篡改和剽窃的科学不端行为。 1 JAMA 和 JAMA Network 期刊还撤回并替换了 12 篇文章，原因是由于数据编码不正确或分析不正确以及没有研究不当行为的证据而导致无意的普遍错误。8在同一时期，这些期刊发表了 1021 篇更正通知。JAMA 网络关于更正和撤回替换的政策之前已经发布。 8,9 在本社论中，重点是一个更复杂和更具挑战性的问题 - 在研究报告中涉及捏造、篡改和剽窃的科学不端行为。 1 JAMA 和 JAMA Network 期刊还撤回并替换了 12 篇文章，原因是由于数据编码不正确或分析不正确以及没有研究不当行为的证据而导致无意的普遍错误。8在同一时期，这些期刊发表了 1021 篇更正通知。JAMA 网络关于更正和撤回替换的政策之前已经发布。 8,9 在本社论中，重点是一个更复杂和更具挑战性的问题 - 在研究报告中涉及捏造、篡改和剽窃的科学不端行为。 1