On the basis of population genomic and phylogeographic analyses of 1669 Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 (L4) genomes, we find that dispersal of L4 has been completely dominated by historical migrations out of Europe. We demonstrate an intimate temporal relationship between European colonial expansion into Africa and the Americas and the spread of L4 tuberculosis (TB). Markedly, in the age of antibiotics, mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance overwhelmingly emerged locally (at the level of nations), with minimal cross-border transmission of resistance. The latter finding was found to reflect the relatively recent emergence of these mutations, as a similar degree of local restriction was observed for susceptible variants emerging on comparable time scales. The restricted international transmission of drug-resistant TB suggests that containment efforts at the level of individual countries could be successful.

中文翻译：

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结核分枝杆菌谱系 4 的全球扩张是由群体迁移和当地适应形成的。

根据对 1669 个结核分枝杆菌谱系 4 (L4) 基因组的群体基因组和系统发育地理学分析，我们发现 L4 的传播完全由欧洲以外的历史迁徙主导。我们证明了欧洲向非洲和美洲的殖民扩张与 L4 结核病 (TB) 的传播之间存在密切的时间关系。显然，在抗生素时代，导致抗生素耐药性的突变绝大多数出现在当地（国家层面），耐药性的跨境传播极少。后一个发现反映了这些突变相对较新的出现，因为在可比较的时间尺度上出现的易感变异观察到了类似程度的局部限制。耐药结核病的国际传播受到限制，这表明各国的遏制努力可能会取得成功。