2(5H)-Furanone was selectively hydrogenated to γ-butyrolactone (GBL) over Ni-based bimetallic catalysts, Ni-M/SiO₂ (M = Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn). Catalyst characterization showed that the metal dispersion and reducibility were changed after introducing a second metal, while the physical morphology was nearly unchanged. The most active and selective bimetallic catalyst was found to be Ni–Fe/SiO₂. The reaction rate constant over the 4 wt %Ni–1 wt %Fe/SiO₂ bimetallic catalyst was 0.06 min^–1, doubling that over 5 wt %Ni/SiO₂, and the selectivity to GBL increased slightly from 86.1 to 89.5%. The Fe/(Ni+Fe) weight ratio was changed to optimize the promoting effect of Fe. The Ni–Fe bimetallic effect was further investigated using temperature-programmed desorption experiments on single crystal model surfaces with different Fe/Ni(111) structures, revealing that the enhanced catalyst activity was mainly contributed by the formation of the Ni–Fe surface alloy.

中文翻译：

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镍基双金属催化剂上生物质衍生的2（5H）-呋喃酮选择性加氢为γ-丁内酯

在Ni基双金属催化剂Ni-M / SiO ₂（M = Fe，Co，Cu和Zn）上，将2（5H）-呋喃酮选择性加氢成γ-丁内酯（GBL ）。催化剂表征表明，引入第二种金属后，金属的分散性和还原性发生了变化，而物理形态几乎没有变化。发现最具活性和选择性的双金属催化剂是Ni-Fe / SiO ₂。在4 wt％Ni–1 wt％Fe / SiO ₂双金属催化剂上的反应速率常数为0.06 min ^–1，是在5 wt％Ni / SiO _2上的反应速率常数的两倍，对GBL的选择性从86.1略微提高到89.5％。改变Fe /（Ni + Fe）的重量比以优化Fe的促进效果。使用温度程序解吸实验对具有不同Fe / Ni（111）结构的单晶模型表面进一步研究了Ni-Fe双金属效应，发现增强的催化剂活性主要是由Ni-Fe表面合金的形成引起的。