Abstract Mycotoxins are toxic natural contaminants of food and feeds and are produced by various fungi from Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium genera. Molds and their toxins have attracted much attention worldwide due to the important economic losses related to their effects on human health and domestic and international trade. Although more than 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most studies have focused on aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fusarium toxins, zearalenone, patulin, and trichothecenes owing to their relationships with food safety and economic losses. In Turkey, the dramatic variations in climatic conditions among regions have facilitated the spread of various foodborne mycotoxins. Accordingly, in this systematic review, a summary of the occurrence and contamination levels of foodborne mycotoxins in Turkey was provided. Based on the literature review, mycotoxin levels were shown to exceed the limits designated by the European Union in apple juice (35%), milk (21%), dairy products (12%), dried fruits and vegetables (11%), herbs (10%), cereal and cereal products (2%), nuts (1%), and feeds (1%). Thus, there is a need for additional studies on the mycotoxin prevalence in all types of foods and feeds throughout Turkey, and education programs on mycotoxin management are important for reducing the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination.

中文翻译：

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土耳其食品和饲料中霉菌毒素的系统评价

摘要 霉菌毒素是食物和饲料中有毒的天然污染物，由曲霉属、链格孢属、镰刀菌属和青霉属的各种真菌产生。霉菌及其毒素因其对人类健康和国内外贸易的影响而造成重大经济损失，因此在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。尽管已鉴定出 400 多种真菌毒素，但由于它们与食品安全和经济损失的关系，大多数研究都集中在黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素 A、镰刀菌毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、展青霉素和单端孢霉烯。在土耳其，不同地区气候条件的巨大差异促进了各种食源性真菌毒素的传播。因此，在本系统评价中，提供了土耳其食源性真菌毒素发生率和污染水平的摘要。根据文献综述，苹果汁 (35%)、牛奶 (21%)、乳制品 (12%)、干果和蔬菜 (11%)、草药中的真菌毒素水平超过欧盟指定的限值(10%)、谷物和谷物制品 (2%)、坚果 (1%) 和饲料 (1%)。因此，需要对土耳其各地各类食品和饲料中的霉菌毒素流行率进行更多研究，霉菌毒素管理教育计划对于降低霉菌毒素污染的流行率非常重要。