Abstract Perovskite BaZrO3 was synthesised via a relatively mild solid-state reaction route by using nitrate precursors. Thermal behaviour, the presence of crystalline phases and functional groups, specific surface area, microstructural characteristics, elemental composition, and basic strength of the synthesised material was examined. Further, the partial ionic exchange of Ba ions in BaZrO3 was attempted to synthesise Cs modified BaZrO3. Characterisation results revealed the synthesis of phase pure and strongly basic materials. BaZrO3 was tested as a transesterification catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel. Transesterification reaction variables for BaZrO3 catalysed transesterification were optimised using response surface methodology based Box-Behnken designing approach. Under the suggested optimal conditions the predicted conversion was 94.12%, and the experimentally determined conversion of 93.2 ± 0.3% confirmed the validity of the generated quadratic model. Cs modification of BaZrO3 enhanced its basic strength. Under the optimised conditions for pristine BaZrO3, the effect of Cs modification on BaZrO3 was assessed, and it led to a conversion of 97.27 ± 0.4%. Both the materials were effective in catalysing the transesterification of M. pinnata oil, however; only Cs-BaZrO3 catalysed oil met the EN 14214:2003 specification for minimum ester content in biodiesel.

中文翻译：

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BaZrO3 和 Cs-BaZrO3 催化 Millettia Pinnata 油的酯交换和通过响应面 Box-Behnken 设计优化反应变量

摘要 钙钛矿 BaZrO3 是使用硝酸盐前体通过相对温和的固态反应途径合成的。检查了热行为、结晶相和官能团的存在、比表面积、微观结构特征、元素组成和合成材料的基本强度。此外，尝试通过 BaZrO3 中 Ba 离子的部分离子交换来合成 Cs 改性的 BaZrO3。表征结果揭示了相纯和强碱性材料的合成。BaZrO3 被测试作为合成生物柴油的酯交换催化剂。使用基于 Box-Behnken 设计方法的响应面方法优化 BaZrO3 催化的酯交换的酯交换反应变量。在建议的最佳条件下，预测转化率为 94。12%，实验确定的转换率为 93.2 ± 0.3%，证实了生成的二次模型的有效性。BaZrO3 的 Cs 改性增强了其基本强度。在原始 BaZrO3 的优化条件下，评估了 Cs 改性对 BaZrO3 的影响，转化率为 97.27 ± 0.4%。然而，这两种材料均能有效催化 M. pinnata 油的酯交换。只有 Cs-BaZrO3 催化油符合 EN 14214:2003 生物柴油中最低酯含量的规范。然而，这两种材料均能有效催化 M. pinnata 油的酯交换。只有 Cs-BaZrO3 催化油符合 EN 14214:2003 生物柴油中最低酯含量的规范。然而，这两种材料均能有效催化 M. pinnata 油的酯交换。只有 Cs-BaZrO3 催化油符合 EN 14214:2003 生物柴油中最低酯含量的规范。