Abstract Although there is a plenty of work in many publications concerning three-dimensional (3D) pore formation by an anodization process, though no definitive conclusion has been given to the mechanism of its formation. Accordingly, the process of 3D architecture is still a subject of considerable debate. The aim of the present study is to extend the previous findings, bringing out the relationship between different components such as the thermodynamic role of the precipitations mechanism in dilute aluminum (Al) alloy at the alloy/oxide interface, film thickness, anodizing potential and the resulting porous anodic alumina (PAA) film morphology. Dislocation movement following Orowan mechanism and its role in enriching layer formation is connected for the first time in explaining the formation of the enriched layer. Consequently, the precise disruption of the 3D morphologies within the anodic films is developed. The distributions of copper (Cu) spices in the alloy as well as within the enriched layer on the alloy/oxide surface are carefully investigated and explained using different experimental techniques. In addition, the oxygen generation is explored. The present study is designed to reveal the influences of impurities on the PAA architecture. It has the advantage of being a direct explanation for the mechanism of the defect in the PAA and its incorporation into the anodic film throughout the anodic film. Moreover, a reliable explanation for current density oscillation is explored. That help to gain further understanding of this phenomenon to control PAA structure in thermodynamically similar alloys. Based on the present study, free Cu atoms in solid solution are swept driven by vacancies according to Orowan interface during anodization forming an enriched ~2 nm layer of Cu just beneath the anodic film. The Cu is not significantly incorporated into the anodic film before the formation of θ′ precipitates in a thick film; whereas of thickness

中文翻译：

---

含合金元素的阳极化掺杂铝中水平孔形成的热力学理解

摘要 尽管在许多出版物中有大量关于通过阳极氧化过程形成三维 (3D) 孔的工作，但尚未对其形成机制给出明确的结论。因此，3D 建筑的过程仍然是一个颇有争议的话题。本研究的目的是扩展先前的研究结果，揭示不同组分之间的关​​系，例如稀铝 (Al) 合金在合金/氧化物界面处析出机制的热力学作用、膜厚度、阳极氧化电位和得到的多孔阳极氧化铝 (PAA) 膜形态。Orowan 机制的位错运动及其在富集层形成中的作用首次在解释富集层的形成过程中联系起来。最后，开发了阳极薄膜内 3D 形态的精确破坏。铜 (Cu) 香料在合金中以及合金/氧化物表面上的富集层内的分布进行了仔细研究，并使用不同的实验技术进行了解释。此外，探索了氧气的产生。本研究旨在揭示杂质对 PAA 结构的影响。它的优点是可以直接解释 PAA 中缺陷的机制以及它在整个阳极膜中并入阳极膜中。此外，探索了电流密度振荡的可靠解释。这有助于进一步了解这种现象，以控制热力学相似合金中的 PAA 结构。根据目前的研究，在阳极氧化过程中，固溶体中的游离 Cu 原子被空位驱动，根据 Orowan 界面，在阳极膜正下方形成富集的~2 nm 铜层。Cu在形成θ'沉淀之前在厚膜中没有显着地结合到阳极膜中；而厚度