Viola odorata L. (Violaceae), an Indian medicinal plant, contains a plethora of cyclotides, which are a class of cyclic peptides derived from plants, possessing several applications. Somatic embryo culture of V. odorata was developed, via indirect somatic embryogenesis, to serve as an alternative to natural plant biomass for sustainable and continuous production of its bioactive ingredients, such as cyclotides. Among the various combinations of phytohormones tested, Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 mg/l thidiazuron gave rise to the maximum frequency of induction (86.7%) and a high number of somatic embryos (3) from an embryogenic callus. Identification and characterization of cyclotides in the somatic embryos were carried out using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-FTMS). Among the cyclotides identified in the study, few were found to be exclusively present in the somatic embryo culture. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the cyclotides was higher in somatic embryo extract than in the natural plant extract. The biological activities (cytotoxic, haemolytic and antimicrobial) of the somatic embryos and the parent plant were compared. Unlike the natural plants, the somatic embryo extracts demonstrated specificity i.e. they were found to be potent against cancerous cells but not against non-cancerous cell line or red blood cells. In contrast to the plant extract, the somatic embryos extracts were found to be potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that somatic embryos of V. odorata (rich in cyclotides) can be used as an alternative to plant biomass for its therapeutic applications and germplasm conservation.

中文翻译：

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紫丁香体细胞胚生物活性环肽的产生

Viola odorata L. (Violaceae) 是一种印度药用植物，含有大量的环肽，它们是一类来自植物的环肽，具有多种用途。V. odorata 的体细胞胚胎培养是通过间接体细胞胚胎发生开发的，作为天然植物生物质的替代品，用于可持续和连续生产其生物活性成分，如环肽。在测试的各种植物激素组合中，Murashige 和 Skoog 培养基补充有 1 mg/l 噻二唑隆，产生最大诱导频率 (86.7%) 和来自胚性愈伤组织的大量体细胞胚 (3)。使用傅立叶变换质谱仪与液相色谱 (LC-FTMS) 联用对体细胞胚胎中的环肽进行鉴定和表征。在研究中确定的环肽中，很少发现仅存在于体细胞胚胎培养物中。此外，体细胞胚提取物中环肽的相对丰度高于天然植物提取物中的环肽。比较了体细胞胚胎和亲本植物的生物活性（细胞毒性、溶血和抗菌）。与天然植物不同，体细胞胚提取物表现出特异性，即发现它们对癌细胞有效，但对非癌细胞系或红细胞无效。与植物提取物相比，发现体细胞胚提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有效。这些结果表明 V.