High aspect ratio nanomaterials (NM) have a promising future in medicine and industry as a unique category of NM. Consequently, it is important to evaluate their potential biological side-effects before crediting their use. To understand the mechanisms of degradation, internalisation, and interaction with different biological targets, we used the in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster to obtain a systematic and complete study on high aspect ratio Ni nanowires (NiNW), compared with low aspect ratio Ni nanospheres (NiNS), and NiSO₄ as a model of agent releasing nickel ions. The distinguished shape of nanowires showed changes in their characteristics after oral administration until they reached the intestinal lumen, where their diameter decreased significantly. For the first time, we confirmed the internalization of needle-shaped materials via perforation of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, the results showed that D. melanogaster is a valid and effective tool in studies related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, NiNM induced DNA damage and molecular changes at the gene expression level, in association with increase in oxidative stress levels. Notably, the observed negative effects were related to nickel as a metal rather than to its shape, since the effects induced by the three Ni forms were notably similar. In addition, independent of their form, Ni compounds did not induce toxic or mutagenic impacts. Our Drosophila model can be used to understand different phenomena related to high aspect ratio NM exposure, such as degradation, internalization and interaction with different targets.

中文翻译：

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NiO纳米线和纳米球的系统化体内研究：生物降解，吸收和生物影响

高纵横比纳米材料（NM）作为NM的独特类别，在医学和工业领域具有广阔的发展前景。因此，重要的是在考虑其用途之前评估其潜在的生物学副作用。为了了解降解，内在化以及与不同生物靶标相互作用的机制，我们使用体内果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）模型对高长径比Ni纳米线（NiNW）与低长径比Ni纳米球（NiNS）进行了系统且完整的研究。 ）和NiSO ₄作为释放镍离子的模型。纳米线的独特形状在口服后显示出其特性的变化，直到到达肠道内腔，其直径显着减小。我们首次确认了通过肠屏障的穿孔使针状材料内在化。此外，结果表明，D。melanogaster是与磁共振成像（MRI）相关的研究中的有效工具。另外，与氧化应激水平增加相关，NiNM诱导了基因表达水平的DNA损伤和分子变化。值得注意的是，观察到的负面影响与作为金属的镍有关，而不是与镍的形状有关，因为三种镍形式引起的影响非常相似。另外，不管其形式如何，Ni化合物都不会引起毒性或诱变影响。我们的果蝇模型可用于了解与高纵横比NM暴露相关的不同现象，例如降解，内在化以及与不同靶标的相互作用。