Tender coconut water (TCW), a well-known plant beverage, has been used as a stress-relieving traditional medicine since ancient times. It is also used to treat various ailments of disease, including hepatic disorders, renal disorders, gastric disorders and reproductive disorders. However, the reasons for its effectiveness as a natural antioxidant as well as its testicular protective effects against whole body heat stress (HS)-induced oxidative imbalance remain to be revealed. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective efficacy of TCW on HS-induced testicular damage in a murine system and to explore the possible mechanism of action. Standardized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to detect the presence of active components in TCW. Male Wistar rats were exposed to acute HS with or without TCW treatment to evaluate the degree of testicular damage, which was monitored through histological as well as biochemical analysis. Assessment of endogenous antioxidant response and the modulation of signaling pathways associated with inflammation were also subjected to immunofluorescence and flow cytometric evaluation. Acute hyperthermia caused an elevation of excess generation of oxygen radicals following the suppression of antioxidant capacity and augmentation of lipid peroxidation in murine testicles, which was restored by treatment with TCW. The results also demonstrated marked phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα following the activation of NF-κB-guided pro-inflammation upon HS. TCW treatment reversed the HS-induced proinflammatory state through activation of the Nrf2-assisted antioxidant response, which restored the testicular damage. TCW provided competent scientific evidence to substantiate the claims for its use in the treatment of HS-induced inflammation and inflammation-mediated testicular damage.

中文翻译：

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嫩椰子水通过调节NF-κB和Nrf2途径来减轻热应激引起的睾丸损伤†

嫩椰子水（TCW）是一种著名的植物饮料，自古以来就被用作缓解压力的传统药物。它还可用于治疗各种疾病，包括肝病，肾病，胃病和生殖疾病。但是，其作为天然抗氧化剂的功效以及其对全身热应激（HS）引起的氧化不平衡的睾丸保护作用的原因仍有待揭示。本研究旨在阐明TCW对HS诱导的鼠类睾丸损伤的保护作用，并探讨其可能的作用机理。标准化液相色谱-质谱法（LC-MS）用于检测TCW中活性成分的存在。将雄性Wistar大鼠暴露于接受或不接受TCW治疗的急性HS，以评估睾丸损伤的程度，并通过组织学和生化分析对其进行监测。内源性抗氧化剂反应的评估和与炎症相关的信号通路的调节也进行了免疫荧光和流式细胞仪评估。急性热疗抑制了鼠睾丸的抗氧化能力并增加了脂质过氧化作用，从而导致了过多的氧自由基的产生，而TCW可以恢复这种状态。结果还表明，HS激活NF-κB引导的促炎症反应后，IKKα/β和IκBα明显磷酸化。TCW治疗通过激活Nrf2辅助的抗氧化剂反应逆转了HS诱导的促炎状态，从而恢复了睾丸损伤。TCW提供了有力的科学证据来证实其用于治疗HS引起的炎症和炎症介导的睾丸损伤的权利要求。