Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite preventive efforts, early detection of atherosclerosis, the common pathophysiological mechanism underlying cardiovascular diseases remains elusive, and overt coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction is often the first clinical manifestation. Nanoparticles represent a novel strategy for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of atherosclerosis, and new multifunctional nanoparticles with combined diagnostic and therapeutic capacities hold the promise for theranostic approaches to this disease. This review focuses on the development of nanosystems for therapy and diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction and the evolution of nanosystems as theranostic tools. We also discuss the use of nanoparticles in noninvasive imaging, targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapies together with the challenges faced by nanosystems during clinical translation.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, theranostics, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases.

心血管疾病是全世界死亡的主要原因。尽管采取了预防措施，及早发现动脉​​粥样硬化，但心血管疾病的常见病理生理机制仍然难以捉摸，明显的冠状动脉疾病或心肌梗塞往往是第一个临床表现。纳米颗粒代表了预防、诊断和治疗动脉粥样硬化的新策略，具有诊断和治疗能力的新型多功能纳米颗粒为治疗这种疾病的治疗方法带来了希望。本综述重点关注用于治疗和诊断亚临床动脉粥样硬化、冠状动脉疾病和心肌梗塞的纳米系统的开发以及纳米系统作为治疗诊断工具的演变。我们还讨论了纳米颗粒在无创成像、靶向药物输送、光热疗法中的应用，以及纳米系统在临床转化过程中面临的挑战。

关键词：纳米颗粒、治疗诊断学、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗塞、心血管疾病。