The exploration of highly active and durable cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts with economical production costs is still the bottleneck to realize the large-scale commercialization of fuel cells. In recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved in fabricating effective non-precious metal based ORR catalysts. In particular, modified carbon materials have aroused extensive research interest because of their excellent performance and low cost. In this review, we present an overview on recent advancements in developing defective carbon based materials for catalyzing the ORR. In particular, three general kinds of defective carbon electrocatalysts will be summarized. They are non-metal induced defective carbons (modified by heteroatoms), intrinsic defective carbons (defects created by a physical or chemical method), and atomic metal species induced/coordinated defective carbons (metal-macrocycle complexes with different coordination environments). The common configurations of various defective carbons will be discussed, with typical examples on recently developed both metal-free and precious/non-precious metal species coordinated carbons. Finally, the future research directions of the defective carbon materials are proposed. The newly established defect promoted catalysis mechanism will be beneficial for the design and fabrication of highly effective electrocatalysts for practical energy storage and conversion applications.

中文翻译：

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电催化氧还原反应中碳的缺陷

以经济的生产成本来探索高活性和耐用的阴极氧还原反应（ORR）催化剂仍然是实现燃料电池大规模商业化的瓶颈。近年来，在制造有效的基于非贵金属的ORR催化剂方面已经取得了显着的进展。特别地，改性碳材料由于其优异的性能和低成本而引起了广泛的研究兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们概述了开发有缺陷的碳基材料来催化ORR的最新进展。特别地，将总结三种常见的有缺陷的碳电催化剂。它们是非金属引起的缺陷碳（被杂原子修饰），固有缺陷碳（通过物理或化学方法产生的缺陷），和原子金属物种诱导/配位的缺陷碳（具有不同配位环境的金属-宏环配合物）。将讨论各种缺陷碳的常见构型，并以最近开发的无金属和贵/非贵金属物种配位碳的典型例子为例。最后，提出了有缺陷碳材料的未来研究方向。新建立的缺陷促进催化机制将有益于设计和制造用于实际能量存储和转化应用的高效电催化剂。以最近开发的无金属和稀有/非贵金属物种配位碳的典型例子为例。最后，提出了有缺陷碳材料的未来研究方向。新建立的缺陷促进催化机制将有益于设计和制造用于实际能量存储和转化应用的高效电催化剂。以最近开发的无金属和稀有/非贵金属物种配位碳的典型例子为例。最后，提出了有缺陷碳材料的未来研究方向。新建立的缺陷促进催化机制将有益于设计和制造用于实际能量存储和转化应用的高效电催化剂。