Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child’s physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child’s early life nutrition.

中文翻译：

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母乳化学-乳代谢产物的组成和在儿童发育中的作用的全面综述

早期营养对孩子的生理功能，免疫系统成熟和认知发育有巨大影响。人母乳（HBM）被公认为是人类婴儿营养的金标准。根据世界卫生组织的报告，母乳喂养被认为是为婴儿提供理想食物的一种无与伦比的方式，这是婴儿健康成长和发展所必需的。HBM包含各种常量营养素（碳水化合物，蛋白质，脂质和维生素），以及多种生物活性化合物和相互作用元素（生长因子，激素，细胞因子，趋化因子和抗菌化合物），本文旨在总结和讨论当前的知识。关于代谢物（它们是HBM的最鲜为人知的组成部分）及其在婴儿发育中的潜在作用。我们专注于小代谢物（< 1500 Da）并表征极性代谢产物的化学结构和生物学功能，例如人乳寡糖，含氮的非蛋白质分子（肌酸，氨基酸，核苷酸，多胺）和非极性脂质。我们相信，该手稿将对HBM代谢物的组成，化学结构及其在儿童早期营养中的作用提供全面的见解。