Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was reported to be over 23% with a variety of configurations including the optimization of photoactive material, selection of carrier transport layers and interface engineering. Critical concerns pertaining to the instability, hysteretic effects, reproduction, flexibility, large area and transparency, which may potentially hinder their commercialization still remain. In this work, an effective low-temperature electron beam (E-beam) approach for depositing lanthanides (Y³⁺, La³⁺, Ce³⁺, Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, Gd³⁺, Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺, Lu³⁺) doped TiO₂ as electron transport layer was developed for planar PSCs application. The lanthanide dopants, especially for Gd³⁺, could facilitate the charge transport behaviour and band gap optimization of TiO₂. Additionally, small molecule DRCN5T was selected as an effective additive in anti-solvent to fill grain boundary and modify the quality of the perovskite film with a grain size of 1.3–2.0 µm. The modified PSCs exhibit a noticeably increased PCE from 19.0% to 20.53% with excellent long-term and light stability. More importantly, flexible, large area and transparent PSCs were also achieved. The flexible devices show more than 20% of their initial PCE values after 1000 bending cycles. The dual interfacial modification mechanism represents an attractive approach to achieve full functional PSCs.

据报道，钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的功率转换效率（PCE）超过23％，具有多种配置，包括光敏材料的优化，载流子传输层的选择和界面工程。与不稳定，滞后效应，复制，柔韧性，大面积和透明性有关的关键问题仍然存在，这些问题可能会阻碍其商业化。在这项工作中，有效的低温电子束（E-beam）方法用于沉积镧系元素（Y ³⁺，La ³⁺，Ce ³⁺，Nd ³⁺，Sm ³⁺，Gd ³⁺，Tm ³⁺，Yb ³⁺，陆³⁺）掺杂的TiO ₂作为电子传输层被开发用于平面PSCs应用。镧系元素的掺杂剂，特别是对于Gd ³⁺，可以促进TiO ₂的电荷传输行为和带隙优化。此外，小分子DRCN5T被选作抗溶剂的有效添加剂，以填充晶粒边界并改变晶粒尺寸为1.3–2.0 µm的钙钛矿薄膜的质量。改性的PSC的PCE显着提高，从19.0％增至20.53％，并具有出色的长期和光稳定性。更重要的是，还实现了灵活，大面积和透明的PSC。柔性设备显示出其初始PCE的20％以上1000个弯曲循环后的数值。双重界面修饰机制代表了一种实现全功能PSC的有吸引力的方法。