Drug‐delivery systems (DDSs), in which drug encapsulation in nanoparticles enables targeted delivery of therapeutic agents and their release at specific disease sites, are important because they improve drug efficacy and help to decrease side effects. Although significant progress has been made in the development of DDSs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, new approaches that increase the scope and effectiveness of such systems are still needed. Concepts such as nanoreactors and nanofactories are therefore attracting much attention. Nanoreactors, which basically consist of vesicle‐encapsulated enzymes, provide prodrug conversion to therapeutic agents rather than simple drug delivery. Nanofactories are an extension of this concept and combine the features of nanoreactors and delivery carriers. Here, the required features of nanofactories are discussed and an overview of current strategies for the design and fabrication of different types of nanoreactors, i.e., systems based on lipid or polymer vesicles, capsules, mesoporous silica, viral capsids, and hydrogels, and their respective advantages and shortcomings, is provided. In vivo applications of biocatalytic reactors in the treatment of cancer, glaucoma, neuropathic pain, and alcohol intoxication are also discussed. Finally, the prospects for further progress in this important and promising field are outlined.

中文翻译：

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面向治疗性纳米工厂的生物转运生物催化反应器

药物递送系统（DDS）非常重要，其中纳米颗粒中的药物封装能够靶向递送治疗药物并在特定疾病部位释放药物，因为它们可以提高药物疗效并有助于减少副作用。尽管在开发用于治疗多种疾病的 DDS 方面已经取得了重大进展，但仍然需要扩大此类系统的范围和有效性的新方法。因此，纳米反应器和纳米工厂等概念引起了广泛关注。纳米反应器基本上由囊泡封装的酶组成，可将前药转化为治疗剂，而不是简单的药物输送。纳米工厂是这一概念的延伸，结合了纳米反应器和输送载体的特点。在这里，讨论了纳米工厂所需的特征，并概述了当前设计和制造不同类型纳米反应器的策略，即基于脂质或聚合物囊泡、胶囊、介孔二氧化硅、病毒衣壳和水凝胶的系统及其各自的优点和缺点，都给出了。还讨论了生物催化反应器在治疗癌症、青光眼、神经性疼痛和酒精中毒中的体内应用。最后，概述了这一重要且有前景的领域进一步取得进展的前景。