The interesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) and ethyl acetate (ETA) are investigated in homogeneous catalyst system using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH). Later on, the subsequent biofuel has been investigated for the combustion characteristics, gaseous and particulate matter related emissions in a single-cylinder agricultural diesel engine. In the reaction, fatty acid ethyl esters were the main product whereas triacetin by-product was formulated in a single phase biofuel. The parameters affected the free fatty acid (FFA) conversion were studied such as catalyst system, molar ratio of ETA:WCO, molar ratio of catalyst:WCO, reaction time, and temperature. The experimental results revealed that NaOH was more favorable than the acid catalyst counterpart. The 92% biofuel yield was reached from the optimization at the NaOH:WCO of 0.015:1 M ratio and the ETA:WCO of 30:1 M ratio at 80 °C in 3 h. In the engine validation at 3.4 and 6.6 bar IMEP loads, 1700 rpm speed, the results from the combustion analysis using an indicating system reveal that the WCO biofuel initiates the combustion faster with pronounce premixed combustion regime than that of diesel fuel. The specific fuel consumption of WCO biofuel was greater, leading to a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency by 4% and 10% at 3.4 and 6.6 bar IMEP loads, respectively compared with diesel fuel. The nano-particle emissions was characterized by an electrical mobility spectrometer and analyzed in terms of particle number. The total particle number increased with smaller size when fueling with WCO biofuel. In comparison over the loads tested, the total particle number concentrations were in the ranges of 8.1 × 10¹¹ to 1.1 × 10¹² m⁻³ for WCO biofuel and 4.8 × 10¹¹ to 5.7 × 10¹¹ m⁻³ for diesel fuel. Meanwhile, the particle sizes were in the ranges of 182–251 nm for WCO biofuel and 279–402 nm for diesel fuel. Summarily, for the biofuel production, this homogeneous process is beneficial in terms of low-cost feedstock, glycerol-free and mild reaction condition.

在使用氢氧化钠（NaOH）和乙酸（CH ₃）的均相催化剂体系中研究了废食用油（WCO）和乙酸乙酯（ETA）的酯交换COOH）。后来，对单缸农用柴油机的燃烧特性，与气态和颗粒物有关的排放进行了后续生物燃料的研究。在该反应中，脂肪酸乙酯是主要产物，而三醋精副产物被配制在单相生物燃料中。研究了影响游离脂肪酸（FFA）转化率的参数，例如催化剂体系，ETA：WCO的摩尔比，催化剂：WCO的摩尔比，反应时间和温度。实验结果表明，NaOH比酸催化剂更有利。在80°C下3小时内，以NaOH：WCO为0.015：1 M的比例和ETA：WCO为30：1 M的比例优化得到了92％的生物燃料产率。在3.4和6.6 bar IMEP负载，1700 rpm速度的发动机验证中，使用指示系统进行燃烧分析的结果表明，WCO生物燃料以明显的预混燃烧方式比柴油燃料更快地引发了燃烧。与柴油相比，WCO生物燃料的单位燃料消耗量更大，导致在3.4和6.6 bar IMEP负荷下，制动热效率分别略微降低了4％和10％。通过电迁移谱仪表征了纳米粒子的发射，并根据粒子数进行了分析。当使用WCO生物燃料加燃料时，总颗粒数随着尺寸的减小而增加。通过测试负载比较，总颗粒数浓度在8.1×10的范围内 IMEP负载分别为6 bar和柴油。通过电迁移谱仪表征了纳米粒子的发射，并根据粒子数进行了分析。当使用WCO生物燃料加燃料时，总颗粒数随着尺寸的减小而增加。通过测试负载比较，总颗粒数浓度在8.1×10的范围内 IMEP负载分别为6 bar和柴油。通过电迁移谱仪表征了纳米粒子的发射，并根据粒子数进行了分析。当使用WCO生物燃料加燃料时，总颗粒数随着尺寸的减小而增加。通过测试负载比较，总颗粒数浓度在8.1×10的范围内¹¹至1.1×10 ¹²米^-3为WCO生物燃料和4.8×10 ¹¹至5.7×10 ¹¹米^-3为柴油燃料。同时，WCO生物燃料的粒径范围为182–251 nm，柴油燃料的粒径范围为279–402 nm。综上所述，对于生物燃料生产而言，这种均质工艺在低成本原料，无甘油和温和的反应条件方面是有益的。