Rapid, long-distance signaling in plants A plant injured on one leaf by a nibbling insect can alert its other leaves to begin anticipatory defense responses. Working in the model plant Arabidopsis, Toyota et al. show that this systemic signal begins with the release of glutamate, which is perceived by glutamate receptor–like ion channels (see the Perspective by Muday and Brown-Harding). The ion channels then set off a cascade of changes in calcium ion concentration that propagate through the phloem vasculature and through intercellular channels called plasmodesmata. This glutamate-based long-distance signaling is rapid: Within minutes, an undamaged leaf can respond to the fate of a distant leaf. Science, this issue p. 1112; see also p. 1068 Wounded plant cells leak l-glutamate, triggering plant-wide Ca2+ signaling events through glutamate receptor–like channels. Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, facilitating long-range information exchange via activation of glutamate receptor channels. Similarly, plants sense local signals, such as herbivore attack, and transmit this information throughout the plant body to rapidly activate defense responses in undamaged parts. Here we show that glutamate is a wound signal in plants. Ion channels of the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR–LIKE family act as sensors that convert this signal into an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that propagates to distant organs, where defense responses are then induced.

中文翻译：

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谷氨酸触发长距离、基于钙的植物防御信号

植物中快速、长距离的信号传导 被啃食昆虫在一片叶子上受伤的植物可以提醒它的其他叶子开始预期的防御反应。在模型植物拟南芥中工作，Toyota 等人。表明这种全身性信号始于谷氨酸盐的释放，谷氨酸盐受体样离子通道可感知谷氨酸盐（参见 Muday 和 Brown-Harding 的观点）。然后离子通道引发钙离子浓度的级联变化，钙离子浓度通过韧皮部脉管系统和称为胞间连丝的细胞间通道传播。这种基于谷氨酸盐的长距离信号非常迅速：几分钟内，一片未受损的叶子就可以对远处叶子的命运做出反应。科学，这个问题 p。1112; 另见第。1068 受伤的植物细胞泄漏 l-谷氨酸，通过谷氨酸受体样通道触发全植物 Ca2+ 信号事件。动物需要快速、远程的分子信号网络来整合整个身体的感知和反应。氨基酸谷氨酸在脊椎动物中枢神经系统中充当兴奋性神经递质，通过激活谷氨酸受体通道促进远程信息交换。类似地，植物感知局部信号，例如食草动物的攻击，并将这些信息传递到整个植物体内，以快速激活未受损部分的防御反应。在这里，我们表明谷氨酸是植物中的伤口信号。GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 家族的离子通道充当传感器，将这种信号转化为细胞内钙离子浓度的增加，并传播到远处的器官，