Abstract Open burning of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) has a large impact in regional atmospheric pollution and global climatic change. In this research, pollutant emissions from sugarcane residues burning were measured in order to determine the emission factors (EFs) of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), K, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, and Cl− contained in particulate matter (PM), as well as EFs of the gaseous pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and 37 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Experiments were carried out in an open combustion chamber equipped with isokinetic sampling, following EPA 5 and modified EPA 201-A methods. Preliminary tests showed that continuous feeding of residues does not represent the open burning carried out in the field since flaming stage is sustained, thus batch feeding of residues was used to perform around 30 experiments. Gaseous pollutants EFs were 1618 ± 108, 25.7 ± 2.04 and 2.29 ± 0.13 g kg−1 for CO2, CO and CH4 respectively, while C2 compounds have the highest EF of VOCs. PM10 and PM2.5 accounted for 55% and 36% of total PM mass, whereas carbonaceous species (EC and OC) accounted for 66% in PM2.5 and 58% in PM10 and total PM mass. Emission factors of EC varied from 0.34 to 0.37 g kg−1, and EF of OC were 0.44, 0.67 and 1.2 g kg−1 for PM2.5, PM10 and total PM, respectively. Highest EFs of determined elements and anions were K and Cl−, respectively. Heavy PAHs such as benzo[b]fluoranthene, bezo[k]fluranthene and benzo[a]pyrene presented the greatest EFs with 0.265 ± 0.04, 0.264 ± 0.08 and 0.254 ± 0.015 mg kg−1 respectively. Kruskal Wallis tests indicated that EFs had no significant differences among sugarcane varieties harvested in sites with different altitudes and climate, thus they can be applied for inventories estimations in world regions similar to Mexico, as well as in air quality forecasting models and climatic model allowing a better knowledge of air pollution and climatic change scenarios. The results of this research can be the base to design and establish public policies in order to regulate and eventually eliminate the practices of pre-harvest and post-harvest sugarcane burning.

中文翻译：

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甘蔗燃烧排放：特征和排放因子

摘要 甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum）露天焚烧对区域大气污染和全球气候变化有很大影响。本研究测量了甘蔗渣燃烧的污染物排放量，以确定元素碳 (EC)、有机碳 (OC)、18 种多环芳烃 (PAHs)、K、Na、Ca、Mg 的排放因子 (EFs) 、NO3−、SO42−、NH4+ 和 Cl− 包含在颗粒物 (PM) 中，以及气态污染物的 EF，二氧化碳 (CO2)、一氧化碳 (CO)、甲烷 (CH4) 和 37 种挥发性有机化合物（挥发性有机化合物）。实验在配备等速采样的开放式燃烧​​室中进行，遵循 EPA 5 和改进的 EPA 201-A 方法。初步试验表明，由于持续燃烧阶段，残渣的连续投料不代表现场进行的露天焚烧，因此采用残渣分批投料进行了约30次实验。CO2、CO和CH4的气态污染物EF分别为1618±108、25.7±2.04和2.29±0.13g kg-1，而C2化合物对VOC的EF最高。PM10 和 PM2.5 分别占 PM 总质量的 55% 和 36%，而含碳物质（EC 和 OC）在 PM2.5 中占 66%，在 PM10 和 PM10 中占 58%。EC 的排放因子从 0.34 到 0.37 g kg-1 不等，而 OC 的 EF 分别为 PM2.5、PM10 和总 PM 的 0.44、0.67 和 1.2 g kg-1。测定元素和阴离子的最高 EF 分别为 K 和 Cl-。重多环芳烃，如苯并[b]荧蒽，苯并 [k] 芘和苯并 [a] 芘表现出最大的 EF，分别为 0.265 ± 0.04、0.264 ± 0.08 和 0.254 ± 0.015 mg kg-1。Kruskal Wallis 检验表明，在不同海拔和气候地点收获的甘蔗品种之间的 EFs 没有显着差异，因此它们可用于类似墨西哥的世界地区的清单估计，以及空气质量预测模型和气候模型，允许更好地了解空气污染和气候变化情景。这项研究的结果可以作为设计和制定公共政策的基础，以规范并最终消除收获前和收获后甘蔗燃烧的做法。Kruskal Wallis 检验表明，在不同海拔和气候地点收获的甘蔗品种之间的 EFs 没有显着差异，因此它们可用于类似墨西哥的世界地区的清单估算，以及空气质量预测模型和气候模型，允许更好地了解空气污染和气候变化情景。这项研究的结果可以作为设计和制定公共政策的基础，以规范并最终消除收获前和收获后甘蔗燃烧的做法。Kruskal Wallis 检验表明，在不同海拔和气候地点收获的甘蔗品种之间的 EFs 没有显着差异，因此它们可用于类似墨西哥的世界地区的清单估计，以及空气质量预测模型和气候模型，允许更好地了解空气污染和气候变化情景。这项研究的结果可以作为设计和制定公共政策的基础，以规范并最终消除收获前和收获后甘蔗燃烧的做法。以及空气质量预测模型和气候模型，可以更好地了解空气污染和气候变化情景。这项研究的结果可以作为设计和制定公共政策的基础，以规范并最终消除收获前和收获后焚烧甘蔗的做法。以及空气质量预测模型和气候模型，可以更好地了解空气污染和气候变化情景。这项研究的结果可以作为设计和制定公共政策的基础，以规范并最终消除收获前和收获后甘蔗燃烧的做法。