Circadian rhythm helps organisms adapt to their environment and control a variety of physiological and metabolic processes. Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be produced during food processing. The aim of this research is to investigate whether the circadian clock is involved in the toxicity mechanisms of acrylamide in mice liver. Our results revealed that acrylamide markedly induced circadian gene oscillation disorder and blocked circadian-related protein in mice liver and HepG2 cells. Simultaneously, the balance of the daily oscillation of the antioxidant enzymes was impeded under acrylamide treatment. Furthermore, acrylamide treatment elevated the mitochondrial dynamic gene expressions and influenced the mitochondrial morphology at the night phase. Acrylamide blocked circadian protein expression via repressing the phosphorylation of AKT or inducing oxidative stress. Taken together, our work reveals acrylamide as a clock-repressing compound generated through the Maillard browning reaction in certain foods that may possess a toxic effect via circadian clock mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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丙烯酰胺对C57BL / 6J小鼠肝和HepG2细胞昼夜节律的表达模式和线粒体动力学的影响

昼夜节律可以帮助生物适应环境并控制各种生理和代谢过程。丙烯酰胺是一种有毒化合物，可在食品加工过程中产生。这项研究的目的是研究生物钟是否参与了丙烯酰胺在小鼠肝脏中的毒性机制。我们的研究结果表明，丙烯酰胺在小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中显着诱导了昼夜节律基因振荡障碍并阻断了昼夜节律相关蛋白。同时，在丙烯酰胺处理下，抗氧化剂酶的每日振荡的平衡受到阻碍。此外，丙烯酰胺处理提高了线粒体动态基因的表达，并在夜间影响了线粒体的形态。丙烯酰胺通过抑制AKT的磷酸化或诱导氧化应激来阻断昼夜节律蛋白的表达。综上所述，我们的工作揭示出丙烯酰胺是某些食品中通过美拉德褐变反应产生的抑制时钟的化合物，可能通过昼夜节律机制具有毒性作用。