Radiative heat transfer (RHT) has a central role in entropy generation and energy transfer at length scales ranging from nanometres to light years1. The blackbody limit2, as established in Max Planck’s theory of RHT, provides a convenient metric for quantifying rates of RHT because it represents the maximum possible rate of RHT between macroscopic objects in the far field—that is, at separations greater than Wien’s wavelength3. Recent experimental work has verified the feasibility of overcoming the blackbody limit in the near field4–7, but heat-transfer rates exceeding the blackbody limit have not previously been demonstrated in the far field. Here we use custom-fabricated calorimetric nanostructures with embedded thermometers to show that RHT between planar membranes with sub-wavelength dimensions can exceed the blackbody limit in the far field by more than two orders of magnitude. The heat-transfer rates that we observe are in good agreement with calculations based on fluctuational electrodynamics. These findings may be directly relevant to various fields, such as energy conversion, atmospheric sciences and astrophysics, in which RHT is important.Rates of radiative heat transfer between sub-wavelength planar membranes are experimentally and theoretically shown to exceed the blackbody limit in the far field by more than two orders of magnitude.

中文翻译：

---

远场辐射传热超过黑体极限的百倍增强

辐射热传递 (RHT) 在从纳米到光年的长度尺度上的熵产生和能量传递中起着核心作用1。马克斯普朗克的 RHT 理论中建立的黑体极限 2 为量化 RHT 的速率提供了一个方便的度量标准，因为它代表了远场中宏观物体之间的最大可能的 RHT 速率 - 即，在间隔大于维恩波长的情况下。最近的实验工作已经验证了在近场 4-7 中克服黑体极限的可行性，但是在远场之前没有证明超过黑体极限的传热率。在这里，我们使用带有嵌入式温度计的定制量热纳米结构来表明亚波长尺寸的平面膜之间的 RHT 可以超过远场中的黑体极限两个数量级以上。我们观察到的传热率与基于波动电动力学的计算非常吻合。这些发现可能与 RHT 很重要的各个领域直接相关，例如能量转换、大气科学和天体物理学。场超过两个数量级。我们观察到的传热率与基于波动电动力学的计算非常吻合。这些发现可能与 RHT 很重要的各个领域直接相关，例如能量转换、大气科学和天体物理学。场超过两个数量级。我们观察到的传热率与基于波动电动力学的计算非常吻合。这些发现可能与 RHT 很重要的各个领域直接相关，例如能量转换、大气科学和天体物理学。场超过两个数量级。