Abstract Development of cost-effective, rich-reserve, and highly efficient substitutes to replace the precious metal catalysts is necessary in the field of electro-catalysis to reduce the costs and enhance the efficiency of catalysts. Although, various nonprecious metal catalysts have received much attention, some critical issues still remain in practically applied catalytic processes due to their insufficient activity and poor stability. A novel and potential approach to design catalysts based on nonprecious metal encapsulated by two-dimensional (2D) carbon supporting materials has demonstrated unique advantages in terms of enhanced catalytic activity and stability, especially under harsh operational conditions. This is due to the enriched electrochemical active sites and highly improved interaction between the components by exceptional structural design and alternation of the associated electronic properties. This review highlights the recent advancement of state-of-the-art research on the synthesis, morphology, properties, and applications of the transition metal-based catalysts encapsulated in 2D-carbon supporting material hybrids. The pros and cons of various synthesis methods are discussed in detail to understand the relationships between such unique morphology/structure and physicochemical properties for enhanced catalytic performance. In addition, their potential electrochemical applications are also emphasized, including biosensors, supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and water splitting. Finally, the current challenges in fundamental research and practical applications, and forthcoming opportunities for these promising materials, are also briefly discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于电化学应用的二维碳材料包覆的过渡金属核壳纳米结构新兴催化剂

摘要 开发具有成本效益、储量丰富、高效的替代品来替代贵金属催化剂是电催化领域降低成本、提高催化剂效率的必要条件。尽管各种非贵金属催化剂受到了广泛关注，但由于其活性不足和稳定性差，在实际应用的催化过程中仍存在一些关键问题。一种基于二维 (2D) 碳载体材料封装的非贵金属催化剂设计的新型潜在方法在增强催化活性和稳定性方面表现出独特的优势，尤其是在恶劣的操作条件下。这是由于丰富的电化学活性位点和通过特殊的结构设计和相关电子特性的改变大大改善了组件之间的相互作用。本综述重点介绍了封装在二维碳载体材料杂化物中的过渡金属基催化剂的合成、形态、性质和应用的最新研究进展。详细讨论了各种合成方法的优缺点，以了解这种独特的形态/结构与物理化学性质之间的关系，以提高催化性能。此外，还强调了它们潜在的电化学应用，包括生物传感器、超级电容器、电池、燃料电池和水分解。最后，