Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in industrial and consumer products. Comprehensive and accurate detection, characterization, and quantification of TiO₂ NPs are important for understanding the specific property, behavior, fate, and potential risk of TiO₂ NPs in natural and engineered environments. This review provides a summary of recent analytical studies of TiO₂ NPs and their aggregation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, stabilization under a wide range of conditions and processes. Much attention is paid on sample preparation prior to an analytical procedure, analysis of particle size, morphology, structure, state, chemical composition, surface properties, etc., via measurements of light scattering and zeta potential, microscopy, spectroscopy, and related techniques. Recently, some advanced techniques have also been explored to characterize TiO₂ NPs and their behaviors in the environment. Many issues must be considered including distinction between engineered TiO₂ NPs and their naturally occurring counterparts, lack of reference materials, interlaboratory comparison, when analyzing low concentrations of TiO₂ NPs and their behaviors in complex matrices. No “ideal” technique has emerged as each technique has its own merits, biases, and limitations. Multi-method approach is highlighted to provide in-depth information. Improvements of analytical method for determination of TiO₂ NPs have been recommended to be together with exposure modelers and ecotoxicologists for maximum individual and mutual benefit. Future work should focus on developing analytical technology with the advantages of being reliable, sensitive, selective, reproducible, and capable of in situ detection in complicated sample system.

二氧化钛（TiO ₂）纳米颗粒（NPs）已广泛用于工业和消费产品。全面，准确地检测，表征和定量TiO ₂ NP对于了解自然和工程环境中TiO ₂ NP的特定特性，行为，命运和潜在风险非常重要。这篇综述总结了最近对TiO _2的分析研究在各种条件和过程中，NP及其聚集，凝结，絮凝，沉淀，稳定化。通过光散射和ζ电势的测量，显微镜，光谱学和相关技术，在分析程序，颗粒大小，形态，结构，状态，化学组成，表面性质等分析之前，样品制备备受关注。最近，还探索了一些先进的技术来表征TiO ₂ NP及其在环境中的行为。在分析低浓度的TiO ₂时，必须考虑许多问题，包括工程TiO ₂ NP与它们天然存在的NP之间的区别，缺少参考材料，实验室间比较。NP及其在复杂矩阵中的行为。由于每种技术都有其自身的优缺点，偏见和局限性，因此没有“理想的”技术出现。强调了多方法方法以提供深入的信息。已建议与暴露建模人员和生态毒理学家一起改进测定TiO ₂ NP的分析方法，以实现最大的个人和共同利益。未来的工作应集中在开发具有可靠，灵敏，选择性，可重现并能够在复杂样品系统中进行原位检测的优势的分析技术。