Expanding the genetic code to enable the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in biological systems provides a powerful tool for studying protein structure and function. While this technology has been mostly developed and applied in bacterial and mammalian cells, it recently expanded into animals, including worms, fruit flies, zebrafish, and mice. In this review, we highlight recent advances toward the methodology development of genetic code expansion in animal model organisms. We further illustrate the applications, including proteomic labeling in fruit flies and mice and optical control of protein function in mice and zebrafish. We summarize the challenges of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in animals and the promising directions toward broad application of this emerging technology.

中文翻译：

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动物遗传密码的扩展。

扩展遗传密码以使非天然氨基酸能够掺入生物系统中的蛋白质，为研究蛋白质的结构和功能提供了强大的工具。尽管这项技术已得到广泛开发并应用于细菌和哺乳动物细胞，但最近已扩展到动物，包括蠕虫，果蝇，斑马鱼和小鼠。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了动物模型生物中遗传密码扩展方法学发展的最新进展。我们进一步说明了应用程序，包括果蝇和小鼠中的蛋白质组学标记以及小鼠和斑马鱼中蛋白质功能的光学控制。我们总结了动物中非天然氨基酸诱变的挑战以及这一新兴技术的广泛应用的有希望的方向。