Critical raw materials (CRMs) are essential in the development of novel high-tech applications. They are essential in sustainable materials and green technologies, including renewable energy, emissionfree electric vehicles and energy-efficient lighting. However, the sustainable supply of CRMs is a major concern. Recycling end-of-life devices is an integral element of the CRMs supply policy of many countries. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is an important secondary source of CRMs. Currently, pyrometallurgical processes are used to recycle metals from WEEE. These processes are deemed imperfect, energy-intensive and non-selective towards CRMs. Biotechnologies are a promising alternative to the current industrial best available technologies (BAT). In this review, we present the current frontiers in CRMs recovery from WEEE using biotechnology, the biochemical fundamentals of these bio-based technologies and discuss recent research and development (R&D) activities. These technologies encompass biologically induced leaching (bioleaching) from various matrices,biomass-induced sorption (biosorption), and bioelectrochemical systems (BES).

中文翻译：

---

从废弃电子电气设备（WEEE）中回收有价值和关键原材料的生物技术策略-评论。

关键原材料（CRM）在新型高科技应用程序的开发中必不可少。它们对于可持续材料和绿色技术至关重要，包括可再生能源，无排放电动汽车和节能照明。但是，CRM的可持续供应是一个主要问题。回收报废设备是许多国家/地区CRM采购政策不可或缺的组成部分。废弃电子电气设备（WEEE）是CRM的重要次要来源。当前，火法冶金工艺用于回收WEEE中的金属。这些过程被认为是不完善的，耗能的且对CRM的选择不完善。生物技术是当前工业上最好的可用技术（BAT）的有前途的替代方法。在这篇评论中，我们介绍了使用生物技术从WEEE中回收CRM的当前前沿技术，这些基于生物技术的生化基础知识，并讨论了近期的研究与开发（R＆D）活动。这些技术包括各种基质的生物诱导浸出（bioleaching），生物质诱导的吸附（biosorption）和生物电化学系统（BES）。