Urinary markers for the assessment of kidney diseases in wild animals are limited, in part, due to the lack of urinary proteome data, especially for marine mammals. One of the most prevalent kidney diseases in marine mammals is caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is the second most common etiology linked to stranding of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Urine proteins from 11 sea lions with leptospirosis kidney disease and eight sea lions without leptospirosis or kidney disease were analyzed using shotgun proteomics. In total, 2694 protein groups were identified, and 316 were differentially abundant between groups. Major urine proteins in sea lions were similar to major urine proteins in dogs and humans except for the preponderance of resistin, lysozyme C, and PDZ domain containing 1, which appear to be over-represented. Previously reported urine protein markers of kidney injury in humans and animals were also identified. Notably, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, osteopontin, and epidermal fatty acid binding protein were elevated over 20-fold in the leptospirosis-infected sea lions. Consistent with leptospirosis infection in rodents, urinary proteins associated with the renin-angiotensin system were depressed, including neprilysin. This study represents a foundation from which to explore the clinical use of urinary protein markers in California sea lions.

中文翻译：

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加州海狮（Zalophus californianus）尿液的蛋白质组学分析：尿液生物标志物发现的资源。

评估野生动物肾脏疾病的尿液标记物有限，部分原因是缺乏尿液蛋白质组数据，特别是对于海洋哺乳动物。海洋哺乳动物中最普遍的肾脏疾病之一是由钩端螺旋体引起的，钩端螺旋体是与加利福尼亚海狮（Zalophus californianus）搁浅有关的第二种最常见的病因。）。使用shot弹枪蛋白质组学分析了11例钩端螺旋体病肾脏疾病海狮和8例无钩端螺旋体病或肾脏疾病海狮的尿蛋白。总共鉴定出2694个蛋白质组，每个组之间有316个差异丰富。海狮中的主要尿蛋白与狗和人中的主要尿蛋白相似，不同的是抵抗素，溶菌酶C和PDZ结构域（其中含1的过高蛋白）占优势。还鉴定了先前报道的人和动物肾脏损伤的尿蛋白标记物。值得注意的是，在钩端螺旋体病感染的海狮中，中性粒细胞明胶酶相关的脂钙素，骨桥蛋白和表皮脂肪酸结合蛋白升高了20倍以上。与啮齿动物钩端螺旋体病感染一致，与肾素-血管紧张素系统有关的尿蛋白被抑制，包括脑啡肽酶。这项研究为探索加州海狮中尿蛋白标记物的临床应用奠定了基础。