Silver nanoparticles (AgNP), one of the main nanomaterials for production and use, are expected to reach the aquatic environment, representing a potential threat to aquatic organisms. In this study, the effects of bare AgNPs (47 nm) on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were evaluated at the cellular and whole organism level utilizing both immune cells (hemocytes) and developing embryos. The effects were compared with those of ionic Ag⁺(AgNO₃). In vitro short-term exposure (30 min) of hemocytes to AgNPs induced small lysosomal membrane destabilization (LMS EC₅₀ = 273.1 μg/mL) and did not affect other immune parameters (phagocytosis and ROS production). Responses were little affected by hemolymph serum (HS) as exposure medium in comparison to ASW. However, AgNPs significantly affected mitochondrial membrane potential and actin cytoskeleton at lower concentrations. AgNO₃ showed much higher toxicity, with an EC₅₀ = 1.23 μg/mL for LMS, decreased phagocytosis and induced mitochondrial and cytoskeletal damage at similar concentrations.

Both AgNPs and AgNO₃ significantly affected Mytilus embryo development, with EC₅₀ = 23.7 and 1 μg/L, respectively. AgNPs caused malformations and developmental delay, but no mortality, whereas AgNO₃ mainly induced shell malformations followed by developmental arrest or death.

Overall, the results indicate little toxicity of AgNPs compared with AgNO₃; moreover, the mechanisms of action of AgNP appeared to be distinct from those of Ag⁺. The results indicate little contribution of released Ag⁺ in our experimental conditions. These data provide a further insight into potential impact of AgNPs in marine invertebrates.

银纳米颗粒（AgNP）是生产和使用的主要纳米材料之一，有望到达水生环境，对水生生物构成潜在威胁。在这项研究中，利用免疫细胞（血细胞）和发育中的胚胎，在细胞和整个生物体水平上评估了裸露的AgNPs（47 nm）对海洋贻贝Mytilus galloprovincialis的影响。将该效果与离子Ag ⁺（AgNO ₃）的效果进行了比较。血细胞在体外短期（30分钟）暴露于AgNPs引起的小溶酶体膜失稳（LMS EC ₅₀ = 273.1μg/ mL），并且不影响其他免疫参数（吞噬作用和ROS产生）。与ASW相比，作为暴露介质的血淋巴血清（HS）对反应的影响很小。然而，AgNPs在较低浓度下会显着影响线粒体膜电位和肌动蛋白细胞骨架。AgNO ₃表现出更高的毒性， LMS的EC ₅₀ = 1.23μg/ mL，在相似浓度下吞噬作用降低并引起线粒体和细胞骨架损伤。

AgNPs和AgNO _3均显着影响Mytilus胚胎的发育，EC _50分别 为23.7和1μg/ L。AgNPs引起畸形和发育延迟，但没有致死，而AgNO ₃主要诱导壳畸形，随后发育停滞或死亡。

总体而言，结果表明与AgNO ₃相比，AgNPs的毒性很小。此外，AgNP的作用机制似乎与Ag ⁺的作用机制不同。结果表明在我们的实验条件下释放的Ag ⁺几乎没有贡献。这些数据进一步了解了AgNPs对海洋无脊椎动物的潜在影响。