Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based materials are increasingly used in industrial and commercial applications. However, the impacts of CNF on aquatic life are poorly understood, and there are concerns regarding their potential toxicity. Using a combination of standard ecotoxicological tests and feeding experiments, we assessed the effects of CNF exposure (0.206–20.6 mg/L) on the feeding (food uptake and gut residence time) and life-history traits (growth and reproduction) in the cladoceran Daphnia magna. No mortality was observed in a 48 h acute exposure at 2060 mg/L. Moreover, a 21-day exposure at low food and moderate CNF levels induced a stimulatory effect on growth, likely driven by increased filtration efficiency, and, possibly, partial assimilation of the CNF by the animals. However, at low food levels and the highest CNF concentrations, growth and reproduction were negatively affected. These responses were linked to caloric restriction caused by dilution of the food source, but not an obstruction of the alimentary canal. Finally, no apparent translocation of CNF past the alimentary canal was detected. We conclude that CNF displays a low toxic potential to filter-feeding organisms and the expected environmental risks are low.

中文翻译：

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大型蚤中工程纤维素纳米原纤维的多级毒性评估

基于纤维素纳米原纤维（CNF）的材料越来越多地用于工业和商业应用。然而，人们对CNF对水生生物的影响知之甚少，并且对其潜在的毒性也存在担忧。通过结合标准的生态毒理学测试和喂养实验，我们评估了CNF暴露量（0.206–20.6 mg / L）对锁骨蟹的喂养（食物摄取和肠道停留时间）和生活史特征（生长和繁殖）的影响水蚤。在2060 mg / L的急性暴露48小时中未观察到死亡率。此外，在低食物和适中的CNF水平下暴露21天会诱导对生长的刺激作用，这可能是由于过滤效率提高以及动物对CNF的部分吸收所致。然而，在低食物水平和最高CNF浓度下，生长和繁殖受到不利影响。这些反应与食物来源稀释引起的热量限制有关，但与消化道阻塞无关。最后，未检测到CNF通过消化道的明显移位。我们得出的结论是，氯化萘对滤食性生物显示出低毒性潜力，预期的环境风险较低。