The introduction of the highly-sensitive imaging technique Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) has given rise to new knowledges about the mesoscopic topology and ordering of condensed phase domains formed in the two-phase coexistence region of Langmuir monolayers. Besides fatty acids, monoalkanoylglycerols are the most studied amphiphiles at the air−water interface. In this review, the mesoscopic characterization of amphiphilic monoglycerol monolayers is surveyed to demonstrate the striking effect of the position of the glycerol backbone at which the polar head group is substituted. Systematic mesoscopic studies of amphiphilic monoglycerol monolayers offer an outstanding possibility to highlight the dramatic effect of chemical structure variations at the position of the glycerol backbone and the substituted polar groups on the basis of the mesoscopic characterization. Small changes in the polarity by slight variation in the head group structure can dramatic affect shape and organization of the condensed phase domains. According to the importance of the 1-substituted monoglycerols, the effect of the chemical structure of the substituted polar group is highlighted with 4 selected examples. Further main topics discussed are chiral discrimination, kinetics of non-equilibrium structures, electrostatic interactions and a new geometric concept for explaining the topology of condensed phase domains.

高度敏感的成像技术布鲁斯特角显微镜（BAM）的引入引起了有关介观拓扑结构和Langmuir单层两相共存区域中形成的凝聚相域的有序化的新知识。除脂肪酸外，单烷酰基甘油是空气-水界面上研究最多的两亲物。在这篇综述中，对两亲性单甘油单层的介观表征进行了调查，以证明极性首基被取代的甘油骨架位置的显着影响。对两亲性单甘油单分子膜的系统介观研究提供了一种出色的可能性，以介观表征为基础，突出了甘油骨架和取代的极性基团位置上化学结构变化的显着影响。头基结构的轻微变化导致极性的微小变化会严重影响缩合相域的形状和组织。根据1-取代的单甘油的重要性，用4个选择的实施例突出了取代的极性基团的化学结构的作用。讨论的其他主要主题是手性识别，非平衡结构的动力学，静电相互作用以及用于解释凝聚相域拓扑的新几何概念。头基结构的轻微变化导致极性的微小变化会严重影响缩合相域的形状和组织。根据1-取代的单甘油的重要性，用4个选择的实例突出了取代的极性基团的化学结构的作用。讨论的其他主要主题是手性识别，非平衡结构的动力学，静电相互作用以及用于解释凝聚相域拓扑的新几何概念。头基结构的轻微变化导致极性的微小变化会严重影响缩合相域的形状和组织。根据1-取代的单甘油的重要性，用4个选择的实例突出了取代的极性基团的化学结构的作用。讨论的其他主要主题是手性识别，非平衡结构的动力学，静电相互作用以及用于解释凝聚相域拓扑的新几何概念。