SnO_x exhibits a much larger theoretical capacity compared to graphite as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the cycling stability and initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of SnO_x based electrodes need to be improved. In this study, by coating carbon on a dried SnO_x electrode film using one-step chemical vapor deposition, a SnO_x#C composite is obtained, wherein ∼70 nm sized SnO_x nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed and embedded in a carbon matrix. Owing to its relatively small electrochemical surface area and mechanical robustness, the ICE is largely improved from ∼40% to >65%. Besides, a Li-matched full cell with 36% excess LiCoO₂ cathode material can run stably for more than 100 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹, delivering a gravimetric and a volumetric capacity of 456 mA h g⁻¹ and 644 mA h cm⁻³, respectively, which are superior to graphite. The lithiation/delithiation process of SnO_x#C observed using an in situ transmission electron microscope technique reveals that the embedded structure expands by only ∼5%. Besides, the thickness increment of the electrode film after 100 cycles is measured to be 32%, which is much smaller than the acceptable 50% in the LIB industry, illustrating the good stability of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) skeleton.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池 SnO _x #C嵌入式结构的扩展减少并改善了全电池循环†

与作为锂离子电池（LIBs）负极材料的石墨相比，SnO _x具有更大的理论容量。然而，基于SnO _x的电极的循环稳定性和初始库仑效率（ICE）需要提高。在这项研究中，通过使用一步化学气相沉积将碳涂覆在干燥的SnO _x电极膜上，获得了SnO _x #C复合材料，其中〜70 nm尺寸的SnO _x纳米颗粒均匀分散并嵌入碳基质中。由于其相对较小的电化学表面积和机械强度，ICE的使用率从约40％大大提高到了65％以上。此外，与Li匹配的满电池具有36％的LiCoO ₂过量阴极材料可以在0.1 A g ^-1下稳定运行100个以上的循环，其重量和体积容量分别为456 mA hg ^-1和644 mA h cm ^-3，优于石墨。使用原位透射电子显微镜技术观察到的SnO _x #C的锂化/去锂化过程表明，嵌入结构仅扩展了约5％。此外，在100次循环后电极膜的厚度增量经测量为32％，比LIB工业中可接受的50％小得多，这说明了固体电解质中间相（SEI）骨架的良好稳定性。