Zero-dimensional (0D) black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are emerging functional nanomaterials. 0D BPQDs are a new form of black phosphorus (BP) nanostructures that were first prepared in 2015; they are different from typical two-dimensional (2D) BP layered nanosheets and one-dimensional (1D) BP nanoribbons. Since 2015, numerous studies have been devoted to exploring various synthetic methods, properties and modifications of BPQDs, which exhibit a broad range of applications. This review systematically summarizes PBQDs for the first time. Different synthetic methods are reviewed, including ultrasonic and electrochemical exfoliation, solvothermal treatment, blender breaking, milling crushing and pulsed laser irradiation. We highlight the physicochemical properties of BPQDs from theoretical models and discuss their experimentally observed properties. The surface modifications and functionalized combination of BPQDs with other substances are summarized by illustrating different hybrid structures, such as BPQDs/nanosheets hybrids, BPQDs-doping films, BPQDs-molecules complexes, polymers-modified BPQDs, and the assembly of BPQDs in devices. The potential applications of BPQDs are demonstrated in current research fields, including bioimaging, fluorescence sensing, nonlinear optical absorbers, cancer therapy, intelligent electronics, photovoltaics, optoelectronics and flexible devices. The current status, challenges and future perspectives of PBQDs are discussed rationally. This timely overall review should be desirable for broad scientists and facilitate the further development of layered nanostructures-derived QDs and other low-dimensional nanomaterials.

中文翻译：

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黑磷量子点：合成，性质，功能化修饰与应用

零维（0D）黑磷量子点（BPQD）是新兴的功能纳米材料。0D BPQD是一种新形式的黑磷（BP）纳米结构，于2015年首次制备；它们不同于典型的二维（2D）BP分层纳米片和一维（1D）BP纳米带。自2015年以来，大量研究致力于探索BPQD的各种合成方法，性质和修饰，它们具有广泛的应用范围。这篇综述首次系统地总结了PBQD。综述了不同的合成方法，包括超声和电化学剥离，溶剂热处理，搅拌器破碎，粉碎破碎和脉冲激光辐照。我们从理论模型中突出了BPQD的理化性质，并讨论了它们在实验中观察到的性质。通过说明不同的杂化结构（例如BPQD /纳米薄片杂化，BPQDs掺杂膜，BPQDs-分子复合物，聚合物修饰的BPQD和设备中的BPQD组装）总结了BPQD与其他物质的表面修饰和功能化组合。BPQD的潜在应用在当前的研究领域得到了证明，包括生物成像，荧光传感，非线性光学吸收器，癌症治疗，智能电子，光伏，光电和柔性设备。合理地讨论了PBQD的现状，挑战和未来前景。