Biogas residue and organic manure are frequently used for crop planting. However, the evaluation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community before their applications to fields is still lacking. This study monitored the variations of bacteria resistant to sulfadiazine, tetracycline and norfloxacin, 57 resistance genes for sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as well as the bacterial community during the 28-day aerobic storage of biogas residue and organic manure by using viable plate counts, high-throughput qPCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing methods. Then two storage conditions, incubator (25 °C) and natural environment, were used to assess the responses of ARB and ARGs to the environmental factors. Results showed that a total of 35 and 21 ARGs were detected in biogas residue and organic manure, respectively. ARB and ARGs were enriched up to 8.01-fold in biogas residue after the 28-day storage, but varied in a narrow range during the storage of organic manure. Compared with the incubator condition, the proliferation of ARB and ARGs in biogas residue under the natural condition was relatively inhibited by the varied and complicated environmental factors. However, we found that there was no significant difference of ARB and ARGs in organic manure between the incubator and natural conditions. Bacterial community was also shifted during the storage of biogas residue, especially Bacteroidetes_VC2.1_Bac22, Aequorivita, Luteimonas and Arenimonas. Network analysis revealed that the relationship in biogas residue was much more complicated than that in organic manure, which ultimately resulted in large successions of ARB and ARGs during the short-term storage of biogas residue. Therefore, we suggest that further measures should be taken before the application of biogas residue to fields.

沼渣和有机肥经常用于农作物种植。但是，仍缺乏对抗生素抗性细菌（ARB），抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）和细菌群落应用于田间的评估。这项研究使用活板计数监测了对磺胺嘧啶，四环素和诺氟沙星耐药的细菌的变化，磺酰胺，四环素和氟喹诺酮类的57个耐药基因以及沼气残渣和有机肥的有氧存储28天期间的细菌群落，通量qPCR和Illumina MiSeq测序方法。然后使用两个储存条件，即恒温箱（25°C）和自然环境，来评估ARB和ARG对环境因素的响应。结果显示，在沼气残留物和有机肥料中分别检测到35个和21个ARG。在储存28天后，ARB和ARGs的沼气残留量增加了8.01倍，但是在有机肥的储存过程中，其变化范围很窄。与孵化器相比，自然条件下复杂多样的环境因素相对抑制了自然条件下沼气残渣中ARB和ARGs的增殖。但是，我们发现在培养箱和自然条件下，有机肥中的ARB和ARGs没有显着差异。沼气残渣的储存过程中细菌群落也发生了变化，特别是 但是在有机肥料的储存过程中，其变化范围很窄。与孵化器相比，自然条件下复杂多样的环境因素相对抑制了自然条件下沼气残渣中ARB和ARGs的增殖。但是，我们发现在培养箱和自然条件下，有机肥中的ARB和ARGs没有显着差异。沼气残渣的储存过程中细菌群落也发生了变化，特别是 但是在有机肥的储存过程中，其变化范围很窄。与孵化器相比，自然条件下复杂多样的环境因素相对抑制了自然条件下沼气残渣中ARB和ARGs的增殖。但是，我们发现在培养箱和自然条件下，有机肥中的ARB和ARGs没有显着差异。沼气残渣的储存过程中细菌群落也发生了变化，特别是Bacteroidetes_VC2.1_Bac22，Aequorivita，Luteimonas和Arenimonas。网络分析表明，沼渣的关系要比有机肥复杂得多，这最终导致了沼渣短期储存期间ARB和ARG的大量演替。因此，我们建议在将沼气残渣运用于田间之前应采取进一步的措施。