No two rocky bodies offer a better laboratory for exploring the conditions controlling interior dynamics than Venus and Earth. Their similarities in size, density, distance from the sun, and young surfaces would suggest comparable interior dynamics. Although the two planets exhibit some of the same processes, Venus lacks Earth’s dominant process for losing heat and cycling volatiles between the interior and the surface and atmosphere: plate tectonics. One commonality is the size and number of mantle plume features which are inferred to be active today and arise at the core mantle boundary. Such mantle plumes require heat loss from the core, yet Venus lacks a measurable interior dynamo. There is evidence for plume-induced subduction on Venus, but no apparent mosaic of moving plates. Absent plate tectonics, one essential question for interior dynamics is how did Venus obtain its young resurfacing age? Via catastrophic or equilibrium processes? Related questions are how does it lose heat via past periods of plate tectonics, has it always had a stagnant lid, or might it have an entirely different mode of heat loss? Although there has been no mission dedicated to surface and interior processes since the Magellan mission in 1990, near infrared surface emissivity data that provides information on the iron content of the surface mineralogy was obtained fortuitously from Venus Express. These data imply both the presence of continental-like crust, and thus formation in the presence of water, and recent volcanism at mantle hotspots. In addition, the study of interior dynamics for both Earth and exoplanets has led to new insights on the conditions required to initiate subduction and develop plate tectonics, including the possible role of high temperature lithosphere, and a renewed drive to reveal why Venus and Earth differ. Here we review current data that constrains the interior dynamics of Venus, new insights into its interior dynamics, and the data needed to resolve key questions.

中文翻译：

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金星内部结构和动力学

没有两个岩石天体比金星和地球更适合探索控制内部动力学的条件。它们在大小、密度、与太阳的距离和年轻表面上的相似性表明，它们的内部动力学具有可比性。尽管这两颗行星表现出一些相同的过程，但金星缺乏地球在内部与地表和大气之间失去热量和循环挥发物的主要过程：板块构造。一个共同点是地幔柱特征的大小和数量，这些特征被推断为今天活跃并出现在地幔核心边界处。这种地幔羽流需要从核心散失热量，但金星缺乏可测量的内部发电机。有证据表明金星上有羽流引起的俯冲，但没有明显的移动板块镶嵌。没有板块构造，内部动力学的一个基本问题是金星是如何获得年轻的表面重修年龄的？通过灾难性或平衡过程？相关的问题是它是如何通过过去的板块构造时期失去热量的，它是否总是有一个停滞不前的盖子，或者它可能具有完全不同的热量损失模式？尽管自 1990 年麦哲伦任务以来没有专门研究表面和内部过程的任务，但从金星快车偶然获得了近红外表面发射率数据，提供了表面矿物学的铁含量信息。这些数据暗示了类大陆地壳的存在，从而在存在水的情况下形成，以及地幔热点最近的火山活动。此外，对地球和系外行星内部动力学的研究导致对引发俯冲和发展板块构造所需条件的新见解，包括高温岩石圈的可能作用，以及揭示金星和地球为何不同的新动力。在这里，我们回顾了限制金星内部动力学的当前数据、对其内部动力学的新见解以及解决关键问题所需的数据。