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Characterizing the Surface Coverage of Protein–Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates
Bioconjugate Chemistry ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2018-07-13 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00366
Rachel Kozlowski 1 , Ashwin Ragupathi 1 , R. Brian Dyer 1
Affiliation  

Functional enzyme–nanoparticle bioconjugates are increasingly important in biomedical and biotechnology applications such as drug delivery and biosensing. Optimization of the function of such bioconjugates requires careful control and characterization of their structures and activity, but current methods are inadequate for this purpose. A key shortcoming of existing approaches is the lack of an accurate method for quantitating protein content of bioconjugates for low (monolayer) surface coverages. In this study, an integrated characterization methodology for protein–gold nanoparticle (AuNP) bioconjugates is developed, with a focus on site-specific attachment and surface coverage of protein on AuNPs. Single-cysteine-containing mutants of dihydrofolate reductase are covalently attached to AuNPs with diameters of 5, 15, and 30 nm, providing a range of surface curvature. Site-specific attachment to different regions of the protein surface is investigated, including attachment to a flexible loop versus a rigid α helix. Characterization methods include SDS-PAGE, UV–vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and a novel fluorescence-based method for accurate determination of low protein concentration on AuNPs. An accurate determination of both protein and AuNP concentration in conjugate samples allows for the calculation of the surface coverage. We find that surface coverage is related to the surface curvature of the AuNP, with a higher surface coverage observed for higher surface curvature. The combination of these characterization methods is important for understanding the functionality of protein–AuNP bioconjugates, particularly enzyme activity.

中文翻译:

表征蛋白质-金纳米颗粒生物结合物的表面覆盖率

功能性酶-纳米颗粒生物共轭物在生物医学和生物技术应用(例如药物输送和生物传感)中越来越重要。此类生物缀合物功能的优化需要对其结构和活性进行仔细控制和表征,但是目前的方法不足以实现此目的。现有方法的主要缺点是缺乏用于定量低(单层)表面覆盖的生物结合物蛋白质含量的准确方法。在这项研究中,开发了一种蛋白质-金纳米颗粒(AuNP)生物结合物的综合表征方法,重点研究了蛋白质在AuNPs上的位点特异性附着和表面覆盖。二氢叶酸还原酶的含半胱氨酸的单突变体共价附于直径为5、15和30 nm的AuNP上,提供一定范围的表面曲率。研究了对蛋白质表面不同区域的位点特异性附着,包括相对于刚性α螺旋与柔性环的附着。表征方法包括SDS-PAGE,紫外可见分光光度法,动态光散射和一种基于荧光的新颖方法,用于准确测定AuNPs上的低蛋白质浓度。准确测定结合物样品中蛋白质和AuNP的浓度可以计算表面覆盖率。我们发现表面覆盖率与AuNP的表面曲率有关,对于较高的表面曲率,观察到的表面覆盖率更高。这些表征方法的结合对于理解蛋白质-AuNP生物共轭物的功能,特别是酶的活性非常重要。研究了对蛋白质表面不同区域的位点特异性附着,包括相对于刚性α螺旋与柔性环的附着。表征方法包括SDS-PAGE,紫外可见分光光度法,动态光散射和一种基于荧光的新颖方法,用于准确测定AuNPs上的低蛋白质浓度。准确测定结合物样品中蛋白质和AuNP的浓度可以计算表面覆盖率。我们发现表面覆盖率与AuNP的表面曲率有关,对于较高的表面曲率,观察到的表面覆盖率更高。这些表征方法的结合对于理解蛋白质-AuNP生物缀合物的功能,特别是酶活性非常重要。研究了对蛋白质表面不同区域的位点特异性附着,包括相对于刚性α螺旋与柔性环的附着。表征方法包括SDS-PAGE,紫外可见分光光度法,动态光散射和一种基于荧光的新颖方法,用于准确测定AuNPs上的低蛋白质浓度。准确测定结合物样品中蛋白质和AuNP的浓度可以计算表面覆盖率。我们发现表面覆盖率与AuNP的表面曲率有关,对于较高的表面曲率,观察到的表面覆盖率更高。这些表征方法的结合对于理解蛋白质-AuNP生物缀合物的功能,特别是酶活性非常重要。
更新日期:2018-07-13
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